Voiceless retroflex plosive

Voiceless retroflex plosive
Voiceless retroflex plosive
ʈ
IPA Number	105
Audio sample
	source · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ʈ
Unicode (hex)	U+0288
X-SAMPA	t`
Braille
Image

Last updated April 19, 2024

The voiceless retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. This consonant is found as a phoneme mostly (though not exclusively) in two areas: South Asia and Australia.

Transcription

The symbol that represents this sound in the International Phonetic Alphabet is ⟨ʈ ⟩. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of "t" (the letter used for the equivalent alveolar consonant). In many fonts lowercase "t" already has a rightward-pointing hook, but ⟨ʈ⟩ is distinguished from ⟨t⟩ by extending the hook below the baseline.

Features

Features of the voiceless retroflex stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat)^{[ citation needed ]}.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language	Word	IPA	Translation	Notes
Bengali ^[1]	টাকা	[ʈaka]	'taka'	Apical postalveolar;^[1] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Bengali phonology
Brahui	سىٹ	[asiʈ]	'one'
English	time	[ʈaɪm]	'time'	Corresponds to alveolar /t/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Gujarati ^[2]	બટાકા	[bəʈaːka]	'potato'	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Gujarati phonology
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	टोपी	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hindustani ^[3]^[4]	ٹوپی	[ʈoːpiː]	'hat'	Apical postalveolar
Hmong	raus	[ʈàu]	'immerse in liquid'	Contrasts with aspirated form (written ⟨rh⟩).
Iwaidja	yirrwartbart	[jiɺwɑʈbɑʈ]	'taipan'
Javanese	bathang	[baʈaŋ]	'cadaver'
Kannada	ತಟ್ಟು	[t̪ʌʈːu]	'to tap'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Lo-Toga ^[5]	dege	[ʈəɣə]	'we (incl.)'	Laminal retroflex.
Malayalam	കാട്ട്	[kaːʈːɨ̆]	'wild'	Contrasts /t̪ t ʈ d̪ ɖ/.
Marathi ^[2]	बटाटा	[bəʈaːʈaː]	'potato'	Subapical;^[2] contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Marathi phonology
Mutsun	TiTkuSte	[ʈiʈkuʃtɛ]	'torn'
Nepali	टोली	[ʈoli]	'team'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian	kort	[kɔʈː]	'card'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu ^[6]	rdagowa	[ʈakowa]	'prawn'
Odia	ଟଗର /ṭagara	[ʈɔgɔrɔ]	'crepe jasmine'	Apical postalveolar; contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms.
Pashto	ټـول	[ʈol]	'all'
Punjabi	ਟੋਪੀ	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Punjabi	ٹـوپی	[ʈoːpi]	'hat'
Sicilian	latru	[ˈlaʈɽu]	'thief'
Scottish Gaelic	árd	[aːʈ]	'high'	Corresponds to the sequence /rˠt/ in other dialects. See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Swedish ^[7]	karta	[ˈkʰɑːʈa]	'map'	See Swedish phonology
Sylheti	ꠐꠥꠟ꠆ꠟꠤ	[ʈulli]	'skull'	contains tonal pronunciation.^[8] See Sylheti phonology
Tamil ^[2]^[9]	எட்டு	[eʈːɯ]	'eight'	Subapical.^[2] See Tamil phonology
Telugu	కొట్టు	[koʈːu]	'to hit or beat'	Contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms
Torwali ^[10]^[11]	ٹـىىےل	[ʈiɡel]	'words'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Vietnamese	bạn trả	[ɓa˧˨ʔɳˀʈa˧˩˧]	'you pay'	May be somewhat affricated. See Vietnamese phonology
Welayta	[ʈaza]		'dew'

Notes

1 2 Mazumdar (2000 :57)
1 2 3 4 5 6 Khatiwada (2009 :374)
↑ Ladefoged (2005 :141)
↑ Tiwari (2004 :?)
↑ François (2009:189); François (2016:35).
↑ Ladefoged (2005 :158)
↑ Eliasson (1986 :278–279)
↑ Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130. doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri. ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7 . Retrieved 2023-07-11.
↑ Keane (2004 :111)
↑ Lunsford (2001 :11–16)
↑ "ٹیگیل". Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.

Related Research Articles

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The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɗ ⟩. The IPA symbol is lowercase letter d with a rightward hook protruding from the upper right of the letter.

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The voiced retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨d̠͡ʐ ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨dʐ ⟩ or ⟨ꭦ ⟩. It occurs in such languages as Polish and Northwest Caucasian languages (apical).

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is ⟨ʈ̺͡ʂ̺⟩ and laminal variant ⟨ʈ̻͡ʂ̻⟩.

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The voiceless retroflex nasal is an extremely rare type of consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɳ̊⟩, a combination of the letter for the voiced retroflex nasal and a diacritic indicating voicelessness.

The voiceless retroflex lateral affricate is a rare consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The implied symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨ʈ͡ꞎ⟩, is also extIPA.

A voiceless retroflex implosive is an extremely rare consonantal sound, used in very few spoken languages. There is no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound, but ⟨ᶑ̊⟩ or ⟨ʈʼ↓⟩ may be used, or the old convention ⟨𝼉⟩.

References

Eliasson, Stig (1986), "Sandhi in Peninsular Scandinavian", in Anderson, Henning (ed.), Sandhi Phenomena in the Languages of Europe, Berlin: de Gruyter, pp. 271–300
Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 111–116, doi: 10.1017/S0025100304001549
François, Alexandre (2009), "Verbal aspect and personal pronouns: The history of aorist markers in north Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pawley, Andrew; Adelaar, Alexander (eds.), Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: A festschrift for Bob Blust, vol. 601, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, pp. 179–195
François, Alexandre (2016), "The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu" (PDF), in Pozdniakov, Konstantin (ed.), Comparatisme et reconstruction : tendances actuelles, Faits de Langues, vol. 47, Bern: Peter Lang, pp. 25–60.
Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association , 39 (3): 337–380, doi: 10.1017/s0025100309990181
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (2nd ed.), Blackwell
Lunsford, Wayne A. (2001), "An overview of linguistic structures in Torwali, a language of Northern Pakistan" (PDF), M.A. Thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
Mazumdar, Bijaychandra (2000) [First published 1920], The history of the Bengali language , New Delhi: Asian Educational Services, ISBN 8120614526
Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
Tiwari, Bholanath (2004) [First published 1966], Hindī Bhāshā, Kitāb Mahal: Kitāb Mahal, ISBN 81-225-0017-X

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[mazumdar-1] 1 2 Mazumdar (2000 :57)

[khatiwada-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 Khatiwada (2009 :374)

[3] Ladefoged (2005 :141)

[tiwari-4] Tiwari (2004 :?)

[5] François (2009:189); François (2016:35).

[6] Ladefoged (2005 :158)

[7] Eliasson (1986 :278–279)

[8] Wright, Tony (2002). "Doing language awareness". Language in Language Teacher Education. Language Learning & Language Teaching. Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 113–130. doi:10.1075/lllt.4.09wri. ISBN 978-90-272-1697-7 . Retrieved 2023-07-11.

[9] Keane (2004 :111)

[10] Lunsford (2001 :11–16)

[otd-11] "ٹیگیل". Online Torwali Dictionary. Center for Language Engineering. Archived from the original on 2024-03-28.

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