International Phonetic Alphabet chart

The following is a chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet, a standardized system of phonetic symbols devised and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a complete list of all possible speech sounds in the world's languages, only those about which stand-alone articles exist in this encyclopedia.

Official chart

The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Vowels

See also: IPA vowel chart with audio

Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ

IPA help   audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

Consonants

See also: IPA consonant chart with audio

Pulmonic consonants

Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Laryngeal Manner ↓ Bi­labial Labio­dental Linguo­labial Dental Alveolar Post­alveolar Retro­flex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal Glottal Nasal m̥ m ɱ̊ ɱ n̼ n̪̊ n̪ n̥ n n̠̊ n̠ ɳ̊ ɳ ɲ̊ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ̥ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̼ d̼ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Sibilant affricate t̪s̪ d̪z̪ ts dz t̠ʃ d̠ʒ tʂ dʐ tɕ dʑ Non-sibilant affricate pɸ bβ p̪f b̪v t̪θ d̪ð tɹ̝̊ dɹ̝ t̠ɹ̠̊˔ d̠ɹ̠˔ cç ɟʝ kx ɡɣ qχ ɢʁ ʡʜ ʡʢ ʔh Sibilant fricative s̪ z̪ s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ Non-sibilant fricative ɸ β f v θ̼ ð̼ θ ð θ̠ ð̠ ɹ̠̊˔ ɹ̠˔ ɻ̊˔ ɻ˔ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ Approximant β̞ ʋ ð̞ ɹ ɹ̠ ɻ j ɰ ʁ̞ ʔ̞ Tap/flap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ̼ ɾ̥ ɾ ɽ̊ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̮ Trill ʙ̥ ʙ r̥ r r̠ ɽ̊r̥ ɽr ʀ̥ ʀ ʜ ʢ Lateral affricate tɬ dɮ tꞎ d𝼅 c𝼆 ɟʎ̝ k𝼄 ɡʟ̝ Lateral fricative ɬ̪ ɬ ɮ ꞎ 𝼅 𝼆 ʎ̝ 𝼄 ʟ̝ Lateral approximant l̪ l̥ l l̠ ɭ̊ ɭ ʎ̥ ʎ ʟ̥ ʟ ʟ̠ Lateral tap/flap ɺ̥ ɺ 𝼈̊ 𝼈 ʎ̮ ʟ̆

IPA help   audio full chart template Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

BL LD D A PA RF P V U Ejective Stop pʼ tʼ ʈʼ cʼ kʼ qʼ Affricate p̪fʼ t̪θʼ tsʼ t̠ʃʼ tʂʼ tɕʼ kxʼ qχʼ Fricative ɸʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ʃʼ ʂʼ ɕʼ xʼ χʼ Lateral affricate tɬʼ c𝼆ʼ k𝼄ʼ q𝼄ʼ Lateral fricative ɬʼ Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular) Tenuis kʘ qʘ kǀ qǀ kǃ qǃ k𝼊 q𝼊 kǂ qǂ Voiced ɡʘ ɢʘ ɡǀ ɢǀ ɡǃ ɢǃ ɡ𝼊 ɢ𝼊 ɡǂ ɢǂ Nasal ŋʘ ɴʘ ŋǀ ɴǀ ŋǃ ɴǃ ŋ𝼊 ɴ𝼊 ŋǂ ɴǂ ʞ   Tenuis lateral kǁ qǁ Voiced lateral ɡǁ ɢǁ Nasal lateral ŋǁ ɴǁ Implosive Voiced ɓ ɗ ᶑ ʄ ɠ ʛ Voiceless ɓ̥ ɗ̥ ᶑ̊ ʄ̊ ɠ̊ ʛ̥

IPA help   audio full chart template Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Co-articulated consonants

Nasal n͡m Labial–alveolar ɳ͡m Labial–retroflex ŋ͡m Labial–velar Plosive t͡p d͡b Labial–alveolar ʈ͡p ɖ͡b Labial–retroflex k͡p ɡ͡b Labial–velar q͡ʡ Uvular–epiglottal q͡p Labial–uvular Fricative/approximant ɥ̊ ɥ Labialized palatal ʍ w Labialized velar ɧ Sj-sound (variable) Lateral approximant ɫ Velarized alveolar Implosive ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ ɠ͡ɓ Labial–velar Ejective t͡pʼ Labial–alveolar

IPA help full chart template

Other consonants

• Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
• Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
• Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
• Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
• Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]
• Voiceless upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟]
• Voiced upper-pharyngeal plosive [ʡ̟̬]
• Bilabial percussive [ʬ]
• Bidental percussive [ʭ]
• Sublaminal lower-alveolar percussive [¡]

Tones

Tone registers

◌̋	˥	꜒	Extra-high (top)
◌́	˦	꜓	High
◌̄	˧	꜔	Mid
◌̀	˨	꜕	Low
◌̏	˩	꜖	Extra-low (bottom)
ꜜ◌			Downstep
ꜛ◌			Upstep

Tone contours

◌̌	˩˥	꜖꜒	Rising (low to high)
◌̂	˥˩	꜒꜖	Falling (high to low)
◌᷄	˧˥	꜔꜒	High rising
	˨˦	꜕꜓	Mid rising
◌᷅	˩˧	꜖꜔	Low rising
◌᷇	˥˧	꜒꜔	High falling
	˦˨	꜓꜕	Mid falling
◌᷆	˧˩	꜔꜖	Low falling
◌᷈	˧˥˨,˨˦˨,˩˧˩	꜔꜒꜕,꜕꜓꜕,꜖꜔꜖	Rising–falling (Peaking)
◌᷉	˥˧˥,˦˨˦,˧˩˧	꜒꜔꜒,꜓꜕꜓,꜔꜖꜔	Falling–rising (Dipping)

Auxiliary symbols

Diacritics

◌̥			◌̊			Voiceless	◌̤						Breathy voiced	◌̪			◌͆			Dental
◌̬						Voiced	◌̰						Creaky voiced	◌̺						Apical
◌ʰ						Aspirated	◌̼						Linguolabial	◌̻						Laminal
◌̹		◌͗		◌˒		More rounded	◌ʷ						Labialized	◌̃						Nasalized
◌̜		◌͑		◌˓		Less rounded	◌ʲ						Palatalized	◌ⁿ						Nasal release
◌̟			◌˖			Advanced	◌ˠ						Velarized	◌ˡ						Lateral release
◌̠			◌˗			Retracted	◌ˤ						Pharyngealized	◌̚						No audible release
◌̈						Centralized	◌̴						Velarized or pharyngealized	◌ᵊ						Mid central vowel release
◌̽						Mid-centralized	◌̝			◌˔			Raised	◌ᶿ						Voiceless dental fricative release
◌̩			◌̍			Syllabic	◌̞			◌˕			Lowered	◌ˣ						Voiceless velar fricative release
◌̯			◌̑			Non-syllabic	◌̘			◌꭪			Advanced tongue root	◌ʼ						Ejective
◌˞						Rhoticity	◌̙			◌꭫			Retracted tongue root	◌͡◌ ◌͜◌						Affricate or double articulation

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long
ˑ	Half-long
◌̆	Extra-short
|	Minor (foot) group
‖	Major (intonation) group
.	Syllable break
‿	Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎	Global rise
↘︎	Global fall

Transcription

[ ]	Phonetic transcription
/ /	Phonemic transcription
{ }	Prosodic notation
( )	Indistinguishable utterance
⸨ ⸩	Sound obscured

See also

• IPA vowel chart with audio
• IPA consonant chart with audio
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
• Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet
• Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet

External links

• The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart
• Interactive IPA chart