Voiced alveolar fricative

Last updated

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

Contents

Voiced coronal fricatives
Dental Denti-
alveolar 		Alveolar Post-alveolar
Retracted Retroflex Palato-
alveolar 		Alveolo-
palatal
Sibilant plain z̪ z̟ z͇ z̠ ʐ ʒ ʑ
Non-sibilant ð ð͇ ɻ̝
tapped ɾ̞
Coronal sibilants
IPA
symbol		meaning
place
of articulation 		passive
(mouth) 		⟨z̪⟩ dental
⟨z̟⟩ advanced
(denti-alveolar)
⟨z͇⟩ alveolar
⟨z̠⟩ retracted
(postalveolar)
active
(tongue) 		⟨z̺⟩ apical
⟨z̻⟩ laminal
⟨ʐ⟩ retroflex
secondary ⟨zʲ⟩ palatalized coronal
⟨ʑ⟩ alveolo-palatal
⟨ʒ⟩ palato-alveolar
⟨zʷ⟩ labialized coronal
⟨zˠ⟩ velarized coronal
⟨zˤ⟩ pharyngealized coronal
voice-onset time ⟨zʱ⟩ breathy coronal

Voiced alveolar sibilant

Voiced alveolar fricative
z
IPA Number 133
Audio sample
source  · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z
Unicode (hex)U+007A
X-SAMPA z
Braille Braille Z.svg
Voiced laminal dentalized alveolar sibilant
z̪
Voiced laminal predorsal alveolar sibilant
z̟
Voiced alveolar retracted sibilant
z̠
zᶾ
Encoding
Entity (decimal)z​̺
Unicode (hex)U+007A U+033A

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

Features

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Armenian Eastern [2] զարդ [z̪ɑɾt̪ʰ] ⓘ 'decoration'
Azerbaijani [3] zoğ [z̪ɔʁ]'sprout'
Belarusian [4] база [ˈbäz̪ä]'base'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian [5] езеро [ˈɛz̪ɛro]'lake'Contrasts with palatalized form.
Czech [6] zima [ˈz̪ɪmä]'winter'See Czech phonology
English Multicultural London [7] zoo [z̪ʏˑy̯]'zoo'See English phonology
French [8] [9] zèbre [z̪ɛbʁ]'zebra'See French phonology
Hungarian [10] zálog [ˈz̪äːl̪oɡ]'pledge'See Hungarian phonology
Kashubian [11] [ example needed ]
Kazakh [12] заң/zañ [z̪ɑŋ]'law'
Kyrgyz [13] заң
Latvian [14] zars [z̪ärs̪]'branch'See Latvian phonology
Macedonian [15] зошто [ˈz̪ɔʃt̪ɔ]'why'See Macedonian phonology
Mirandese daprendizaige [d̪əpɾẽd̪iˈz̪ajʒ(ɯ̽)]'learning'Contrasts seven sibilants altogether, preserving medieval Ibero-Romance contrasts.
Polish [1] [16] zero [ˈz̪ɛrɔ] ⓘ 'zero'See Polish phonology
Portuguese Most speakers Estados Unidos [isˈt̪ad̪uz̪‿ʉˈnid͡zᶶ(ˢ)]'United States'See Portuguese phonology
Romanian [17] zar [z̪är]'dice'See Romanian phonology
Russian [18] заезжать / zaezžat' [z̪əɪˈʑʑætʲ] ⓘ 'to pick up'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian [19] [20] зајам / zajam [z̪ǎːjäm]'loan'See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak zima [ˈz̪imä]'winter'
Slovene [21] zima [ˈz̪ìːmá]'winter'
Turkish [8] [22] göz [ɟø̞̈z̪]'eye'See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian [23] зуб [z̪ub]'tooth'Contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian [24] koza[ˈkɔz̪ä]'goat'
Uzbek [25] zafar'victory'
Vietnamese Hanoi [26] da [z̪äː]'skin'See Vietnamese phonology

Non-retracted alveolar

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Adyghe зы [ˈzə] ⓘ 'one'
Albanian zjarr [zjar]'fire'
Arabic Standard [27] زائِر [ˈzaːʔir]'visitor'See Arabic phonology
Assamese জলকীয়া [zɔlɔkija]'chili'
Assyrian ܙܢ̱ܓܐ zìga[ziɡa]'bell'
Bengali নামাজ [namaz]'Salah'Mostly in loanwords and often replaced by [ dʒ ]. See Bengali phonology
Breton iliz[iliz]'church'
Chechen зурма / zurma[zuɾma]'music'
Dutch [28] [29] zaad [z̻aːt̻]'seed'Laminal; may have only mid-to-low pitched friction in the Netherlands. [28] [29] See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese raṡån[raːz̺ʌŋ]'reason'Palatalized apical; may be [ ʐ ] or [ ʒ ] instead.
English zoo [zuː] ⓘ 'zoo'Absent from some Scottish and Asian dialects. See English phonology
Esperanto kuzo [ˈkuzo]'cousin'See Esperanto phonology
Georgian [30] ზარი [ˈzɑɾi]'bell'
Greek Athens dialect [31] ζάλη / záli [ˈz̻ali]'dizziness'See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew זאב [zeˈʔev]'wolf'See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani Hindi ज़मीन [zəmiːn]'land'May be replaced in Hindi by [ dʒ ]. See Hindustani phonology
Urdu زمین
Japanese [32] 全部 / zenbu [zembɯ]'everything'See Japanese phonology
Kabardian зы [ˈzə] ⓘ 'one'
Kalaw Lagaw Ya zilamiz[zilʌmiz]'go'
Kashmiri ज़ानुन / زانُن [zaːnun]'to know'
Khmer បែលហ្ស៊ិក / bêlhsĭk[ɓaelzɨk]noun: 'Belgium', 'Belgian(s)'
adjective: 'Belgian'		See Khmer phonology
Konda [33] [34] sunz[sunz]'to sleep'
Malay beza [bezə]'difference'
Maltese żelu [zelu]'zeal'
Marathi जर [zər]'if'See Marathi phonology.
Occitan Limousin jòune[ˈzɒwne]'young'See Occitan phonology
Persian روز[ɾuːz]'day'
Portuguese [35] casa [ˈkazɐ]'house'See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi Gurmukhi ਹਜ਼ਾਰ [həˈzaːr]'thousand'May be replaced by [ dʒ ] in Gurmukhi (Indian) varieties.
Shahmukhi ہزار
Spanish Andalusian comunismo [ko̞muˈnizmo̞]'Communism'Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants, when it is not debuccalized to [h ~ ɦ]. Present in dialects which realize /s/ as a non-retracted alveolar fricative. Before /d/ it is dental [z̪].
Latin American
Filipino
Swahili lazima [lɑzimɑ]'must'
Tamil Jaffna Tamil கடுதாசி [kɐɖuðaːzi]'letter'Was only reported for 1 speaker in the sample but he pronounced it regularly. [36]
West Frisian [37] sizze[ˈsɪzə]'to say'It never occurs in word-initial positions. See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꍂ / ssy [zɹ̩˧]'generation'
Yiddish זון / zien [zin]'son'
Zapotec Tilquiapan [38] guanaz[ɡʷanaz]'went to grab'

Retracted alveolar

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Catalan [39] [40] zel [ˈz̺ɛɫ]'zeal'Apical. See Catalan phonology
Galician mesmo[ˈme̞z̺mo̞]'same'Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪].
Greek [41] μάζα / máza [ˈmɐz̠ɐ]'mass'See Modern Greek phonology
Italian Central Italy [42] caso [ˈkäːz̠o]'case'Present in Lazio north of Cape Linaro, [42] most of Umbria [42] (save Perugia and the extreme south) [42] and Le Marche south of the Potenza. [42]
Northern Italy [43] [44] Apical. [45] Present in many areas north of the La Spezia–Rimini Line. [46] [47] See Italian phonology
Sicily [42] Present south and west of a line drawn from Syracuse to Cefalù. [42]
Low German [48] [ example needed ]
Maldivian zaraafaa[z̺aˈraːfaː]'giraffe'
Mirandese eisistir [e̞jz̺is̺ˈtiɾ]'to exist'Apical. Mirandese and neighboring Portuguese dialects were the only surviving oral tradition to preserve all seven mediaeval Ibero-Romance sibilants: ⟨ch⟩/tʃ/, ⟨x⟩/ʃ/, ⟨g⟩/⟨j⟩/ʒ/, ⟨c⟩/⟨ç⟩/s̪/, ⟨z⟩/z̪/, ⟨s⟩/-⟨ss⟩- /s̺/, -⟨s⟩- /z̺/
Occitan Gascon casèrna[kaz̺ɛrno]'barracks'See Occitan phonology
Languedocien véser[bez̺e]'to see'
Piedmontese amis[aˈmiz̠]'friend'Apical. See Piemontese phonology
Portuguese Coastal Northern European [ example needed ]Merges with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Inland Northern European [ example needed ]Apical. Contrasts with non-retracted /z/. See Portuguese phonology
Spanish Andean mismo [ˈmiz̺mo̞]'same'Apical. Allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants. Before /d/ it is pronounced dentally [z̪]. See Spanish phonology
Castilian
Paisa Region

Variable

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
German Standard [49] sauber [ˈzäʊ̯bɐ]'clean'Varies between dentalized laminal, non-retracted laminal and non-retracted apical. [49] See Standard German phonology
Italian Standard [50] caso [ˈkäːzo]'case'Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. [50] See Italian phonology
Ticino [45] Varies between dentalized laminal and non-retracted apical. [51] Both variants may be labiodentalized. [45] See Italian phonology

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative
ð̠
ð͇
ɹ̝
d̞
Audio sample
source  · help
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ð​̠
Unicode (hex)U+00F0 U+0320
Voiced alveolar tapped fricative
ɾ̞
ɹ̝̆
IPA Number 124 430
Audio sample
source  · help

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested. [52]

Features

Occurrence

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Aragonese Chistabino [53] aire[ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]'air'Tapped; common realization of /ɾ/. [53]
Czech [54] čtyři [ˈt͡ʃtɪɹ̝ɪ]'four'May be a fricative trill [54] or a tap fricative instead. [55] It contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. See Czech phonology
Dahalo [56] [káð̠i]'work'Apical; only weakly fricated. It is a common intervocalic allophone of /d̠/, and may be an approximant [ ð̠˕ ] or simply a plosive [ d ] instead. [57]
Dutch [58] voor [vöːɹ̝]'for'One of many possible realizations of /r/; distribution unclear. See Dutch phonology
Emilian Bolognese chèṡ[ˈkɛːð̠]'case'Laminal
English Scouse [59] maid [meɪð̠]'maid'Allophone of /d/. See English phonology
South African [60] [61] round [ɹ̝æʊ̯nd]'round'Apical, [61] present in some urban dialects. [60] See South African English phonology
Icelandic [62] [63] bróðir [ˈprou̯ð̠ir]'brother'Usually apical, [62] [63] may be closer to an approximant. See Icelandic phonology
Italian Sicily [64] terra [ˈt̪ɛɹ̝ä]'earth'Apical; corresponds to /rr/ in standard Italian. [64] See Italian phonology
Manx mooar[muːɹ̝]'big'Common word-final realization of /r/.
Spanish [65] Aragonese aire [ˈäi̯ɾ̞e̞]'air'Tapped; possible realization of /ɾ/. [65] See Spanish phonology
Swedish Central Standard [66] [67] vandrare [²vän̪ːd̪ɹ̝äɹɛ]'wanderer'Allophone of /r/ around the Stockholm area. See Swedish phonology
Tacana [68] [ example needed ]Tapped. [68]
Turkish [69] rüya [ˈɾ̞yːjɑ]'dream'Tapped; word-initial allophone of /ɾ/. [69] See Turkish phonology

Voiced lateral-median fricative

Voiced alveolar lateral–median fricative
ʫ
ð̠ˡ
ɮ͡ð̠
ɮ͡z
Voiceless dental lateral–median fricative
ʫ̪
ðˡ
ɮ̪͡ð

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

Occurrence

LanguageWord IPA MeaningNotes
Arabic [70] [71] [72] Rijal Almaʽa ضبع[ðˡˤabʕ]'hyena'
Mehri [73] ذوفر[ðˡˤoːfar]'plait'

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977 :149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :154)
  2. ↑ Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
  3. ↑ Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
  4. ↑ Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
  5. ↑ Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
  6. ↑ Palková (1994), p. 228.
  7. ↑ "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  8. 1 2 Adams (1975), p. 288.
  9. ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
  10. ↑ Szende (1999), p. 104.
  11. ↑ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  12. ↑ Kara (2002), p. 10.
  13. ↑ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  14. ↑ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  15. ↑ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  16. ↑ Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
  17. ↑ Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.[ permanent dead link ]
  18. ↑ Chew (2003), p. 67.
  19. ↑ Kordić (2006), p. 5.
  20. ↑ Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
  21. ↑ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980 :21)
  22. ↑ Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
  23. ↑ Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv: 0802.4198 . Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
  24. ↑ Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
  25. ↑ Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
  26. ↑ Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
  27. ↑ Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
  28. 1 2 Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
  29. 1 2 Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
  30. ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  31. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 283.
  32. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  33. ↑ Emeneau (1970).
  34. ↑ Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70.
  35. ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  36. ↑ Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR   24650188.
  37. ↑ Sipma (1913), p. 16.
  38. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  39. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
  40. ↑ Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
  41. ↑ Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
  42. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Adams (1975), p. 286.
  43. ↑ Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
  44. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
  45. 1 2 3 Canepari (1992), p. 72.
  46. ↑ Canepari (1992), p. 71.
  47. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 285.
  48. ↑ Adams (1975), p. 289.
  49. 1 2 Mangold (2005), p. 50.
  50. 1 2 Canepari (1992), p. 68.
  51. ↑ Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
  52. ↑ Laver (1994), p. 263.
  53. 1 2 Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
  54. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
  55. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
  56. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993 :34)
  57. ↑ Maddieson et al. (1993 :28, 34)
  58. ↑ Collins & Mees (2003 :199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
  59. ↑ Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
  60. 1 2 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
  61. 1 2 Ogden (2009), p. 92.
  62. 1 2 Pétursson (1971 :?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996 :145)
  63. 1 2 Grønnum (2005 :139)
  64. 1 2 Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
  65. 1 2 Mott (2007), p. 112.
  66. ↑ Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
  67. ↑ Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
  68. 1 2 "UPSID r[F" . Retrieved 24 January 2016.
  69. 1 2 Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
  70. ↑ Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
  71. ↑ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
  72. ↑ Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubu'ah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
  73. ↑ Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.

Related Research Articles

The field of articulatory phonetics is a subfield of phonetics that studies articulation and ways that humans produce speech. Articulatory phoneticians explain how humans produce speech sounds via the interaction of different physiological structures. Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound.

The voiced alveolar tap or flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents a dental, alveolar, or postalveolar tap or flap is ⟨ɾ⟩.

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills is ⟨r⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r. It is commonly called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. Quite often, ⟨r⟩ is used in phonemic transcriptions of languages like English and German that have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. That is partly for ease of typesetting and partly because ⟨r⟩ is the letter used in the orthographies of such languages.

The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is ⟨l⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced dental and alveolar lateral flaps</span> Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨ɺ⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolar lateral flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɺ⟩, a fusion of a rotated lowercase letter ⟨r⟩ with a letter ⟨l⟩. Approved in 1928, the symbol represented a sound intermediate between and or between and until 1979 when its value was redefined as an alveolar lateral flap.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced retroflex lateral approximant</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɭ⟩ in IPA

The voiced retroflex lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɭ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is l`.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced dental fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ð⟩ in IPA

The voiced dental fricative is a consonant sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the th sound in father. Its symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet is eth, or and was taken from the Old English and Icelandic letter eth, which could stand for either a voiced or unvoiced (inter)dental non-sibilant fricative. Such fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

A voiced postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound, but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative, for which there are significant perceptual differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiced retroflex fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʐ⟩ in IPA

The voiced retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʐ ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a z.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɕ⟩ in IPA

The voiceless alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɕ⟩. It is the sibilant equivalent of the voiceless palatal fricative, and as such it can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ç˖⟩.

The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in think. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨θ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless labial–velar fricative</span> Consonantal sound

The voiceless labial–velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩. This was defined as a voiceless until 1979, when it was defined as a fricative with the place of articulation of the same way that is an approximant with the place of articulation of.

A voiceless postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiceless postalveolar fricative only for the sound, but it also describes the voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative, for which there are significant perceptual differences.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless retroflex fricative</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʂ⟩ in IPA

The voiceless retroflex sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʂ⟩ which is a Latin letter s combined with a retroflex hook. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA letter is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook to the bottom of ⟨s⟩. A distinction can be made between laminal, apical, and sub-apical articulations. Only one language, Toda, appears to have more than one voiceless retroflex sibilant, and it distinguishes subapical palatal from apical postalveolar retroflex sibilants; that is, both the tongue articulation and the place of contact on the roof of the mouth are different.

A voiceless alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

A voiced alveolar affricate is a type of affricate consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are several types with significant perceptual differences:

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless retroflex affricate</span> Consonantal sound

The voiceless retroflex sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨t̠͡ʂ⟩, sometimes simplified to ⟨tʂ⟩ or ⟨ꭧ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ts`. Its apical variant is ⟨ʈ̺͡ʂ̺⟩ and laminal variant ⟨ʈ̻͡ʂ̻⟩.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Voiceless alveolar trill</span> Consonantal sound represented by ⟨r̥⟩ in IPA

The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill only by the vibrations of the vocal cord. It occurs in a few languages, usually alongside the voiced version, as a similar phoneme or an allophone.

The voiceless alveolar fricatives are a type of fricative consonant pronounced with the tip or blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge just behind the teeth. This refers to a class of sounds, not a single sound. There are at least six types with significant perceptual differences:

The voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨t͡θ⟩, ⟨t͜θ⟩, ⟨t̪͡θ⟩, and ⟨t̟͡θ⟩.

References

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.