Sulcalization

Sulcalization (from Latin : sulcus 'groove'), in phonetics, is the pronunciation of a sound with a deep, longitudinal concavity (groove) down the back of the tongue (the dorsum), roughly opposite of the uvula. ^{[1] [2]} This is accomplished by raising the sides of the dorsum, and leaving a hollow along the mid-line. ^{[3] [4]}

This articulation has typically been associated with rhotics such as a 'bunched' or 'molar' [ ɹ̈ ] ^{[5] [6]} and r-colored vowels, ^{[7] [8] [9] [2]} as well as 'dark' or 'throaty' quality sounds, ^[4] either more velar-like (such as [ ɫ ]) ^{[3] [10]} or more pharyngeal-like (such as [ ɒ ]). ^{[11] [12]}

No spoken language is known to make a phonemic distinction between sulcalized and ordinary vowels; ^[4] though it has been reported that for some speakers of Received Pronunciation, the vowel /ɒ/, which is normally described as rounded, is pronounced with neutral or spread lips, and is instead given its characteristic quality through a "hollowing or sulcalization of the tongue-body." ^[11] One scholar has also suggested that the vowel in the RP pronunciation of words like bird, typically transcribed /ɜː/, is actually a sulcal schwa, retaining the sulcality of the original rhotic consonant. Accordingly, the realization of the /ə/-element of the centring diphthongs /ɪə̯/, /ʊə̯/, /ɛə̯/ in words such as near, pure and scare, is interpreted as the product of a loss of sulcality. ^[9] Similarly, it has been noted that the rhotacized equivalent [ ɝ ] in American English is sulcalized. ^[8]

Grooved fricative

Palatograms of [ s ], which is grooved, and [ θ ], which is slit

Some linguists have referred to grooved fricatives, a similar but distinct articulatory concept, as sulcalized, ^{[1] [13]} though this should not be confused with the more common definition described in the section above. ^[a] Contrasting with slit fricatives, which are pronounced with the tongue flat, grooved fricatives also involve forming a groove down the center of the tongue (such as in some realizations of /s/ in the English words sit and case). ^[13]

Unlike the more common definition of sulcalization, grooved fricatives involve the sides of the tongue focusing the airstream on the teeth, producing a more intense sound, typically associated with sibilants. ^{[14] [1]} J. C. Catford observed that the degree of tongue grooving differs between places of articulation as well as between languages; ^[15] however, no language is known to contrast sibilants based purely on the presence or absence of tongue grooving.

Ultrasound imaging has shown /θ/ to exhibit tongue grooving in English, despite being typically regarded as slit. ^[16]

See also

• Tongue rolling

Notes

1. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 367 appear to combine these two concepts, despite the majority of other linguists using them in different phonological and phonetic contexts, including Catford (1982), their primary reference for their description. Catford refers to the two concepts in different sections of his work, and does not treat them as synonymous.

References

1. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 367.
2. Catford & Esling (2006), p. 440.
3. Lowman (1932), p. 278.
4. Jones (2009), p. 82.
5. Catford (2001b), pp. 172–173, 176.
6. King (2020), pp. 47, 122, 124.
7. Nolan (1988), p. 74.
8. Catford (2001a), p. 162.
9. Erickson (2003), p. 197.
10. Catford (1982), p. 157.
11. Lass (1984), p. 124.
12. King (2020), p. 61.
13. Mott (2011), p. 56.
14. Catford (1982), p. 127.
15. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) , p. 367, in reference to Catford (1982) , p. ?
16. Stone & Lundberg (1996), p. 3732-3733.

Bibliography

• Catford, J. C. (1982) [1977]. Fundamental Problems in Phonetics. Indiana University Press. ISBN   0-85224-437-1.
• Catford, J. C. (2001a). A Practical Introduction to Phonetics (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0199246359.
• Catford, J. C. (2001b). "On Rs, Rhotacism and Paleophony". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 31 (2): 171–85. JSTOR   44645159.
• Catford, John C.; Esling, John H. (2006). "Articulatory Phonetics". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (2nd ed.). Elsevier. pp. 425–442. doi:10.1016/B0-08-044854-2/00002-X. ISBN   9780080448541.
• Erickson, Blaine (2003). "On the development of English r". In Minkova, Donka; Stockwell, Robert (eds.). Studies in the History of the English Language: A Millennial Perspective. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 183–206. doi:10.1515/9783110197143.2.183. ISBN   978-3-11-017368-0.
• Jones, Daniel (2009) [1950]. The phoneme: its nature and use. Heffer. ISBN   9780521108072.
• King, Hannah (2020), Seeing is perceiving: The role of the lips in the production and perception of Anglo-English /r/ (PDF), Université de Paris
• Lass, Roger (1984). Phonology: an introduction to basic concepts. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   9780521237284.
• Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN   0-631-19815-6.
• Lowman, G. S. (1932). "The phonetics of Albanian". Language. 8 (4): 271–293. doi:10.2307/408833. JSTOR   408833.
• Mott, Brian Leonard (2011). English Phonetics and Phonology for Spanish Speakers. Universitat. Vol. 49 (2a ed.). Publicacions i Edicions (Universitat de Barcelona). p. 56. ISBN   9788447535040.
• Nolan, Francis (1988). "2.2 Vowels". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 18 (2): 69–74. JSTOR   44526002.
• Stone, M.; Lundberg, A. (1996). "Three-dimensional tongue surface shapes of English consonants and vowels" (PDF). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 99 (6): 3728–3737. Bibcode:1996ASAJ...99.3728S. doi:10.1121/1.414969. PMID   8655804.