Voiced postalveolar affricate

Voiced postalveolar affricate
dʒ
ʤ
IPA number	104 135
Audio sample
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Encoding
Entity (decimal)	d​͡​ʒ
Unicode (hex)	U+0064 U+0361 U+0292
X-SAMPA	dZ
Image

A voiced palato-alveolar sibilant affricate, voiced post-alveolar affricate, or voiced domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "j" sound in "jump".

This sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with ⟨d͡ʒ⟩, ⟨d͜ʒ⟩, ⟨dʒ⟩, or in some broad transcriptions ⟨ɟ⟩. There is also a ligature ⟨ʤ⟩, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. Alternatives used in the Americanist tradition are ⟨ǰ⟩, ⟨ǧ⟩, ⟨ǯ⟩ and ⟨dž⟩.

Features

Features of a voiced postalveolar affricate:

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the air flow entirely, then directing it with the tongue to the sharp edge of the teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is postalveolar , which means it is articulated with the tip or blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Abkhaz		аџыр	[ad͡ʒər]	'steel'	See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe		джанэ	[d͡ʒaːna] ⓘ	'dress'
Albanian		xham	[d͡ʒam]	'glass'
Amharic		እንጀራ	[ɨnd͡ʒəra]	'injera'
Arabic	Modern Standard [1]	جَـرَس	[d͡ʒaras]	'bell'	In other standards and dialects, corresponds to [ ɡ ] or [ ʒ ]. See Arabic phonology
	Hejazi	جــيب/jēb	[d͡ʒe̞ːb]	'pocket'	Pronounced [ ʒ ] by some speakers. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
Armenian	Eastern [2]	ջուր	[d͡ʒuɾ]	'water'
	Western	ճանճ	[d͡ʒɑnd͡ʒ]	'musca (fly)'
Assyrian		ܓ̰ܝܪܐ s	[d͡ʒjɑɾɑ]	'to pee'	Used in native terminology. Used predominantly in Urmia and some Jilu dialects. [ ɟ ] is used in other varieties.
Azerbaijani		can	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'
Bengali		জল	[d͡ʒɔl]	'water'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian		джудже	[d͡ʒʊˈd͡ʒɛ]	'dwarf'	See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan		jutge	[ˈʒu(d).d͡ʒə]	'judge'	See Catalan phonology
Chechen		джерво / jyerwo	[d͡ʒjerwo]	'previously married woman'
Chinese	Quzhou dialect	重 / zon	[d͡ʒõ]	'heavy'
Coptic		ϫⲉ/je	[d͡ʒe]	'that'
Czech		džbán	[d͡ʒbaːn]	'jug'	See Czech phonology
Dhivehi		ޖަރާސީމު / jarásímu	[d͡ʒaraːsiːmu]	'germs'	See Dhivehi phonology
Dutch		jeans	[d͡ʒiːns]	'jeans'	Some say [ʒiːns]. Occurs mainly in loanwords.
English		jeans	[ˈd͡ʒiːnz]	'jeans'	See English phonology
Esperanto		manĝaĵo	[manˈd͡ʒaʒo̞]	'food'	See Esperanto phonology
Estonian		džäss	[ˈd̥ʒæsː]	'jazz'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Estonian phonology
Finnish		džonkki	[ˈdʒo̞ŋkːi]	'junk (ship)'	Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology
French		adjonction	[ad͡ʒɔ̃ksjɔ̃]	'addition'	Rare. Also occurs in loanwords. See French phonology
Georgian [3]		ჯიბე/jibe	[d͡ʒibɛ]	'pocket'
German	Standard [4]	Dschungel	[ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl]	'jungle'	Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. [4] Some speakers may merge it with /t͡ʃ/. Occurs mainly in loanwords. See Standard German phonology
Goemai		[ example needed ]	[d͡ʒaːn]	'twins'
Hebrew	Standard	ג׳וק/juk	[d͡ʒuk]	'cockroach'	Only used in loanwords. See Modern Hebrew phonology
	Temani	גָּדוֹל‎/jaďol	[d͡ʒaðol]	'big, great'	Yemenite Hebrew pronunciation of gimel with dageš. See Yemenite Hebrew
Hindustani	Hindi	जाना/jānā	[d͡ʒäːnäː]	'to go'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
	Urdu	جـانا/jānā
Hungarian		lándzsa	[laːnd͡ʒɒ]	'spear'	Rare, mostly in loanwords. See Hungarian phonology
Indonesian		jarak	[ˈd͡ʒaraʔ]	'distance'
Italian [5]		gemma	[ˈd͡ʒɛmma]	'gem'	[dʒ] occurs when letter 'G' is before front vowels [e], [i] and [ɛ], while when 'G' is in front of vowels [o], [a], [u] and [ɔ] the phoneme changes to a voiced velar plosive.
Kabyle		lǧiran	[id͡ʒiræn]	'the neighbors'
Kashubian [6]		dłudżi	[ˈdwu.d͡ʒi]	'long'
Khortha [7]		जओनअइर	[d͡ʒonʱair]	'maize'
Kurdish	Northern	cîger	[d͡ʒiːˈɡɛɾ]	'lung'	See Kurdish phonology
	Central	جــەرگ	[d͡ʒɛɾg]	'liver'
	Southern		[d͡ʒæɾg]
Kyrgyz		жаман / caman	[d͡ʒaman]	'bad'	See Kyrgyz phonology
Ladino		djudyó/גﬞודיו	[d͡ʒudˈjo]	'Jew'
Latvian		dadži	[dad͡ʒi]	'thistles'	See Latvian phonology
Limburgish	Hasselt dialect [8]	djèn	[d͡ʒɛːn²]	'Eugene'	See Hasselt dialect phonology
Lithuanian		džiaugsmingas	[d͡ʒɛʊɡʲsʲˈmʲɪnɡɐs]	'gladsome'	See Lithuanian phonology
Macedonian		џемпер/džemper	[ˈd͡ʒɛmpɛr]	'sweater'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		jahat	[d͡ʒahat]	'evil'
Malayalam		ജീവൻ/jeevan	[d͡ʒiːʋɐn]	'life'	See Malayalam phonology
Maltese		ġabra	[d͡ʒab.ra]	'collection'
Manchu		ᠵᡠᠸᡝ/juwe	[d͡ʒuwe]	'two'
Marathi		जय/jay	[d͡ʒəj]	'victory'	Contrasts with the aspirated form. Allophone [dʑ] and [d̪z]. See Marathi phonology
Occitan	Languedocien	jove	[ˈd͡ʒuβe]	'young'	See Occitan phonology
	Provençal		[ˈd͡ʒuve]
Odia		ଜମି/jami	[d͡ʒɔmi]	'land'	Contrasts with aspirated form.See Odia phonology
Ojibwe		iijikiwenh	[iːd͡ʒikiwẽːʔ]	'brother'	See Ojibwe phonology
Pashto		جــګ/jeg	[d͡ʒeɡ]	'high'
Persian		کـجـا/koja	[kod͡ʒɒ]	'where'	See Persian phonology
Polish	Standard	liczba	[ˈlid͡ʐ.ba]	'number'
	Gmina Istebna	dziwny	[ˈd͡ʒivn̪ɘ]	'strange'	/ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ merge into [d͡ʒ] in these dialects. In standard Polish, /d͡ʒ/ is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex affricate.
	Lubawa dialect [9]
	Malbork dialect [9]
	Ostróda dialect [9]
	Warmia dialect [9]
Portuguese	Most Brazilian dialects [10]	grande	[ˈɡɾɐ̃d͡ʒ(i)]	'big'	Allophone of /d/ before /i,ĩ/ (including when the vowel is elided) and other instances of [i] (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise.
	Most dialects	jambalaya	[d͡ʒɐ̃bɐˈlajɐ]	'jambalaya'	In free variation with /ʒ/ in a few recent loanwords. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian		ger	[ˈd͡ʒɛ̝r]	'frost'	See Romanian phonology
Sardinian	Campidanese	géneru	[ˈd͡ʒɛneru]	'son-in-law'
Scottish Gaelic		Dia	[d͡ʒia]	'God'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Serbo-Croatian	Some speakers	џем / džem	[d͡ʒê̞m]	'jam'	May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
	Bosnian	ђаво / đavo	[d͡ʒâ̠ʋo̞ː]	'devil'	Most Croatian and some Bosnian speakers merge /d͡ʒ/ and /d͡ʑ/, either to [d͡ʒ] or laminal [ ɖ͡ʐ ].
	Croatian
Silesian	Gmina Istebna [11]	[ example needed ]			These dialects merge /ɖ͡ʐ/ and /d͡ʑ/ into [d͡ʒ].
	Jablunkov [11]	[ example needed ]
Slovene		enačba	[eˈnáːd͡ʒbà]	'equation'	Allophone of /t͡ʃ/ before voiced obstruents in native words. As a phoneme present only in loanwords. See Slovene phonology
Somali		joog	[d͡ʒoːɡ]	'stop'	See Somali phonology
Spanish		conllevar	[kondʒeˈβaɾ]	'carry'	Rare, more commonly [ ʝ ], [ ɟʝ ], or [ ʒ ]. See Spanish phonology, Yeísmo . [12]
Tagalog		diyan	[d͡ʒän]	'there'	Used to pronounce the multigraphs ⟨dy⟩ and ⟨diy⟩ in native words and ⟨j⟩ in loanwords outside Spanish. For more information, see Tagalog phonology.
Tamil		இஞ்சி	[in̠ʲd͡ʒi]	'ginger'	Allophone of /tʃ/ after /ɲ/ natively; also occurs in loans, but the standard form tends to merge to /s/ or /tʃ/ elsewhere. See Tamil phonology.
Tatar	Mishar Dialect [13]	can / җан	[d͡ʒɑn]	'soul'	In standard Tatar (Kazan dialect), the sound for letter <c/җ> is [ ʑ ].
Turkish		acı	[äˈd͡ʒɯ]	'pain'	See Turkish phonology
Turkmen		jar	[d͡ʒär]	'ravine'
Tyap		jem	[d͡ʒem]	'hippopotamus'
Ubykh		amcan[ citation needed ]	[amd͡ʒan]		See Ubykh phonology
Ukrainian [14]		джерело/džerelo	[d͡ʒɛrɛˈlɔ]	'source'	See Ukrainian phonology
Uyghur		coza / جوزا	[d͡ʒozɑ]	'desk'	See Uyghur phonology
Uzbek		jahon / жаҳон	[d͡ʒaˈhɒn]	'world'
Welsh		siop jips	[ʃɔpd͡ʒɪps]	'chip shop'	Occurs as the colloquial soft mutation of /t͡ʃ/. See Colloquial Welsh morphology
West Frisian		siedzje	[ˈʃɪd͡ʒə]	'to sow'	See West Frisian phonology
Yiddish		דזשוכע/juche	[d͡ʒʊxə]	'insect'	See Yiddish phonology
Zapotec	Tilquiapan [15]	dxan	[d͡ʒaŋ]	'god'

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate

Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate
d̠ɹ̠᷵
dɹ̝᫢
Audio sample
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Features

• Its manner of articulation is affricate, which means it is produced by first stopping the airflow entirely, then allowing air flow through a constricted channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
• Its place of articulation is postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
• It is a median consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream down the midline of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
English	Australian [16]	dream	[ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵iːm]	'dream'	Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence /dr/. [16] [17] In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar [ d͡ɹ̝ ]. [17] See Australian English phonology and English phonology
	General American [17]		[ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷim]
	Received Pronunciation [17]		[ˈd̠͡ɹ̠᷵ʷɪi̯m]

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Watson (2002 :16)
2. Dum-Tragut (2009 :13)
3. Shosted & Chikovani (2006 :255)
4. Mangold (2005 :51–52)
5. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004 :117)
6. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-11-16.
7. Paudyal, Netra P. (2025). A Grammar of Khortha, in Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages. Leiden: Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004712676. ISBN   978-90-04-71266-9.
8. Peters (2006 :119)
9. Dubisz, Karaś & Kolis (1995 :62)
10. Barbosa & Albano (2004 :228)
11. Dąbrowska (2004 :?)
12. Lipski, John M. (1989). "SPANISH YEÍSMO AND THE PALATAL RESONANTS: TOWARDS A UNIFIED ANALYSIS" (PDF). Probus. 1 (2). doi:10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211. S2CID   170139844.
13. Leitzinger, Antero: Mishäärit – Suomen vanha islamilainen yhteisö. Helsinki: Kirja-Leitzinger, 1996. ISBN   952-9752-08-3. (p. 45)
14. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
15. Merrill (2008 :108)
16. Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 144.
17. Cruttenden (2014), pp. 177, 186–188, 192.

References

• Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi: 10.1017/S0025100304001756
• Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN   978-1-316-63926-9
• Cruttenden, Alan (2014), Gimson's Pronunciation of English (8th ed.), Routledge, ISBN   978-1-4441-8309-2
• Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN   978-3-929075-08-3
• Dąbrowska, Anna (2004), Język polski, Wrocław: wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, ISBN   83-7384-063-X
• Dubisz, Stanisław; Karaś, Halina; Kolis, Nijola (1995), Dialekty i gwary polskie, Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna, ISBN   83-214-0989-X
• Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
• Mangold, Max (2005) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (6th ed.), Mannheim: Dudenverlag, ISBN   978-3-411-04066-7
• Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi: 10.1017/S0025100308003344
• Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi: 10.1017/S0025100306002428
• Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi: 10.1017/S0025100304001628
• Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi: 10.1017/S0025100306002659
• Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
• Wells, John C. (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN   978-1-4058-8118-0

External links

• List of languages with [d̠ʒ] on PHOIBLE