Central vowel

This article is about a class of vowel sounds. For the IPA diacritic used to mark a vowel as more central than a base symbol, see Centralization (phonetics).

IPA: Vowels
Front Central Back Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Near-close ɪ ʏ ʊ Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o Mid e̞ ø̞ ə ɤ̞ o̞ Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Near-open æ ɐ Open a ɶ ä ɑ ɒ
IPA help   audio full chart template Legend: unrounded • rounded

A central vowel (also called a mixed vowel in some older descriptions) is a vowel articulated with the tongue in a position intermediate between that of a front vowel and a back vowel. ^{[1] [2]}

The term central refers to an intermediate value on the backness dimension and is not synonymous with mid, which refers to an intermediate value on the height dimension. ^[1]

In the PHOIBLE 2.0 database (3,020 phoneme inventories), the most frequently reported central-vowel phonemes with dedicated IPA letters are [ə] and [ɨ], occurring in 675 (22%) and 491 (16%) inventories respectively. Other dedicated central-vowel letters such as [ʉ], [ɵ], [ɜ], and [ɞ] are much less common. ^{[3] [4] [5]}

Articulation and acoustics

Central vowels are defined primarily by tongue-body position (and often jaw position). Because the vowel space is continuous rather than divided into sharp boundaries, vowels described as central may vary in their precise articulation across languages and transcription traditions. ^{[1] [6]}

The IPA vowel chart (and related "vowel quadrilateral" diagrams) is a conventional schematic representation of vowel qualities. The horizontal axis corresponds to front–central–back tongue position, and the vertical axis corresponds to close–open (high–low) tongue height, with rounding typically represented by paired symbols. ^{[7] [8]}

In acoustic terms, perceived vowel height and backness correlate (roughly) with the first two vowel formants: higher vowels tend to have lower F1, and more back (and/or more rounded) vowels tend to have lower F2. Central vowels often have intermediate F2 values compared with front and back vowels of similar height. ^{[9] [10]}

IPA transcription

Central vowel
◌̈
IPA number	415
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	̈
Unicode (hex)	U+0308

On the International Phonetic Alphabet vowel chart, central vowels occupy the middle column between front and back vowels. ^[11] When finer distinctions are needed, central vowel qualities are often transcribed using diacritics such as centralized (⟨◌̈⟩) and mid-centralized (⟨◌̽⟩), along with diacritics for small height/backness adjustments (e.g. raised⟨◌̝⟩, lowered⟨◌̞⟩, advanced⟨◌̟⟩, retracted⟨◌̠⟩). ^{[8] [11]}

Central vowels with dedicated IPA letters

The central vowels that have dedicated letters in the IPA include: ^[11]

• close central unrounded vowel [ɨ]
• close central rounded vowel [ʉ]
• close-mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ] (also transcribed ⟨ë⟩ using the IPA centralized diacritic; sometimes typed as ⟨ë⟩) ^[11]
• close-mid central rounded vowel [ɵ] (also transcribed ⟨ö⟩ using the IPA centralized diacritic; sometimes typed as ⟨ö⟩) ^[11]
• mid central vowel [ə]
• open-mid central unrounded vowel [ɜ] (also transcribed ⟨ɛ̈⟩ using the IPA centralized diacritic) ^[11]
• open-mid central rounded vowel [ɞ] (also transcribed ⟨ɔ̈⟩ using the IPA centralized diacritic) ^[11]
• near-open central vowel [ɐ] (typically used for an unrounded vowel; if precision is desired, ⟨ɜ̞⟩ may be used for an unrounded vowel and ⟨ɞ̞⟩ for a rounded vowel) ^[11]

In some transcription traditions (for example, in Australian and British phonetics), ⟨ɜ⟩ is often used for a stressed "full" central vowel and ⟨ə⟩ for an unstressed reduced vowel ("schwa"), while other traditions (including many American sources) may use ⟨ə⟩ for a fully realized central vowel as well. ^[7]

Central vowels without dedicated IPA letters

Central vowel qualities that lack dedicated IPA letters are typically written with diacritics indicating centralization or small shifts in vowel height/backness. ^{[8] [11]}

Common examples include:

• near-close central unrounded vowel [ɨ̞], [ɪ̈], [ɪ̠] or [ɘ̝]
• near-close central rounded vowel [ʉ̞], [ʊ̈], [ʊ̟] or [ɵ̝]
• near-close central vowel with compressed rounding (as in some descriptions of Swedish vowels) is sometimes transcribed with a centralized diacritic on a front rounded symbol, e.g. [ʏ̈] in narrow transcription (with the rounding type described separately if needed). ^[6]
• mid central unrounded vowel [ɘ̞] or [ɜ̝] (often written ⟨ə⟩ in broader transcription)
• mid central rounded vowel [ɵ̞] or [ɞ̝] (often written ⟨ɵ⟩ in broader transcription)
• open central unrounded vowel [ä] (sometimes typed as ⟨ä⟩; because symbol usage for low vowels varies across traditions, diacritics may be added for precision) ^[6]
• open central rounded vowel [ɒ̈]

See also

• Front vowel
• Back vowel
• Centralization (phonetics)
• Relative articulation
• List of phonetics topics

References

1. "3.5 Describing vowels". Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd edition. eCampusOntario Pressbooks. 2022. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
2. Bell, Alexander Melville (1870). "Explanatory lecture on visible speech, the science of universal alphabetics (delivered before the College of Preceptors, Feb. 9, 1870)" (PDF). Internet Archive. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
3. "PHOIBLE 2.0 (release statistics)" . Retrieved 2026-02-08.
4. "PHOIBLE 2.0 – Segments" . Retrieved 2026-02-08.
5. "PHOIBLE 2.0 – Segment ə" . Retrieved 2026-02-08.
6. "Phonetics Overview" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
7. "IPA Vowel symbols". Macquarie University, Department of Linguistics. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
8. International Phonetic Association (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF). Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-65236-0 . Retrieved 2026-02-08.
9. "24.901 Lecture 8: Phonetics I: Acoustics of vowels, using Praat" (PDF). MIT OpenCourseWare. 2010. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
10. Eek, Arvo; Meister, Einar (2003). "Acoustic Correlates of the IPA Vowel Diagram" (PDF). International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS) Proceedings. Retrieved 2026-02-08.
11. "The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)" (PDF). International Phonetic Association. 2015. Retrieved 2026-02-08.

Further reading

• International Phonetic Association (1999), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN   978-0-521-65236-0