Okinawan scripts

Last updated
An example of traditional Okinawan writing circa 1471 written in Japanese Epistolary style (Hou Wen ) Letter of Kanamaru.jpg
An example of traditional Okinawan writing circa 1471 written in Japanese Epistolary style (候文)

Okinawan, spoken in Okinawa Island. Documents in Ryukyu Kingdom were written in kanji and hiragana, derived from Japan.

Contents

Although generally agreed among linguists to be a distinct language, most Japanese, as well as some Okinawans, tend to think of Okinawan as merely a regional dialect of Japanese, even though it is not intelligible to monolingual Japanese speakers. [1] Modern Okinawan is not written frequently. The Japanese writing system is used in Okinawan scripts.

Tana family documents (田名家文書), which are letters of rank appointment issued by the Shuri Royal Government, are written in Japanese Epistolary style (候文) with Hentaigana . However, after the Satsuma invasion, Japanese culture was banned as part of the policy of exoticizing Ryukyu, and under the policy of Haneji Ōji Chōshū , documents within Ryukyu also began to be written in classical Chinese. [2]

Comparison of official documents of Tana family documents.

Tana family documents in 1523 Tian Ming Jia Wen Shu .png
Tana family documents in 1523
Tana family documents in 1647 Tian Ming Jia Wen Shu Kang Xi 10Nian .png
Tana family documents in 1647
Chinese translation of Okinawan Script in 1721 (Hiragana and Katakana) sukurinshiyotsuto 2025-02-19 113245.png
Chinese translation of Okinawan Script in 1721 (Hiragana and Katakana)

Systems

Traditional Usage

Traditional scripts in Okinawa is called 古文書. Before Satsuma Invasion in 1609, Man'yōgana(万葉仮名) was used in Japanese Epistolary style (候文). Unlike modern writing system あ ( a )can be written in 安・阿・愛・亜・悪 with Cursive script(崩し字) [3] .

Conventional usages

The modern conventional ad hoc spellings found in Okinawa.

Council system

The system devised by the Council for the Dissemination of Okinawan Dialect (沖縄方言普及協議会).

University of the Ryukyus system

This system was devised by Okinawa Center of Language Study, a section of University of the Ryukyus. Unlike others, this method is intended purely as a phonetic guidance, and basically only uses katakana. For the sake of an easier comparison, corresponding hiragana are used in this article.

New Okinawan letters

新沖縄文字 (Shin Okinawa-moji), devised by Yoshiaki Funazu (船津好明, Funazu Yoshiaki), in his textbook Utsukushii Okinawa no Hōgen (美しい沖縄の方言; "The beautiful Okinawan Dialect"; ISBN   4-905784-19-0). The rule applies to hiragana only. Katakana is used as in Japanese; just like in the conventional usage of Okinawan.

Basic syllables and kai-yōon (palatalized syllables)

iueoyayuyo
(Initial) 1[i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
[ja][ju][jo]
(Elsewhere)(Not used) 2
Conventionalい 
いぃ

うぅ 
をぅ

いぇ


うぉ
Councilゆぃをぅゆぇ
Ryukyu Univ.
New Okinawanい゙ Okinawan kana u.png え゙
''a
a
'i
i
'u
u
'e
e
'o
o
'ya'yu'yo
(Initial) 1[ʔa][ʔi][ʔu][ʔe][ʔo][ʔja][ʔju][ʔjo]
(Elsewhere)[a][i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
Conventional
いぇ

うぉ
Councilっやっゆっよ
Ryukyu Univ.いぇいゃいゅいょ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana 'ya.png Okinawan kana 'yu.png Okinawan kana 'yo.png
kkakikukekokya
[ka][ki][ku][ke][ko][kja]
きゃ
ggagigugegogya
[ɡa][ɡi][ɡu][ɡe][ɡo][ɡja]
ぎゃ
ssasi

(s-i)

su(sye)

se

sosyasyu
[sa][ʃi][su][ʃe][so][ʃa][ʃu]
Othersしぇしゃしゅ
Ryukyu Univ.
すぃ
しぇ
ttatituteto
[ta][ti][tu][te][to]
Othersてぃとぅ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana ti.png Okinawan kana tu.png
ddadidudedo
[da][di][du][de][do]
Othersでぃどぅ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana di.png Okinawan kana du.png
tstsitsu
[tsi]
[tʂi]
[tsu]
Ryukyu Univ.つぃ
zzazi

(dzi)

zu

(dzu)

zezo
[dza][dzi]
[dʐi]
[dzu][dze][dzo]
Others
Ryukyu Univ.づぃ
ty
c
tya
ca
tyi
ci
tyu
cu
tye
ce
tyo
co
[tʃa][tʃi][tʃu][tʃe][tʃo]
ちゃちゅちぇちょ
zy

dy

zya

dya

zyi

dyi

zyu

dyu

zye

dye

zyo

dyo

[dʒa][dʒi][dʒu][dʒe][dʒo]
Othersじゃじゅじぇじょ
Ryukyu Univ.じゃ
ぢゃ

じゅ
ぢゅ
じぇ
ぢぇ
じょ
ぢょ
nnaninunenonyanyu
[na][ɲi][nu][ne][no][ɲa][ɲu]
にゃにゅ
hhahihu

hwu

hehohyahyuhyo
[ha][çi][ɸu][çe][ho][ça][çu][ço]
ひゃひゅひょ
bbabibubebobyabyubyo
[ba][bi][bu][be][bo][bja][bju][bjo]
びゃびゅびょ
ppapipupepopyapyu
[pa][pi][pu][pe][po][pja][pju]
ぴゃぴゅ
mmamimumemomyamyumyo
[ma][mi][mu][me][mo][mja][mju][mjo]
みゃみゅみょ
rrarirurero
[ɾa][ɾi][ɾu][ɾe][ɾo]
1: At the beginning of a word.
2: University of the Ryukyus system is an exception, always using ゐ, をぅ, え, を (ヰ, ヲゥ, エ, ヲ) for [i], [u], [e], [o], and い, う, いぇ, お (イ, ウ, イェ, オ) for [ʔi], [ʔu], [ʔe], [ʔo], respectively.

Gō-yōon (labialised syllables)

wawiwe
[ɰa][ɰi][ɰe]
Conventionalうぃうぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ゑぃ
New Okinawan
''wa'wi'we
[ʔɰa][ʔɰi][ʔɰe]
Conventionalうぃうぇ
Councilっわっうぃっうぇ
Ryukyu Univ.うゎうゐうぇ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana 'wa.png Okinawan kana 'wi.png Okinawan kana 'we.png
kkwa
qua
kwi
qui
kwe
que
[kʷa][kʷi][kʷe]
Conventionalくぁ
くゎ
くぃくぇ
Councilくゎ
Ryukyu Univ.くゐ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana kwa.png Okinawan kana kwi.png Okinawan kana kwe.png
ggwagwigwe
[ɡʷa][ɡʷi][ɡʷe]
Conventionalぐぁ
ぐゎ
ぐぃぐぇ
Councilぐゎ
Ryukyu Univ.ぐゐ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana gwa.png Okinawan kana gwi.png Okinawan kana gwe.png
hfa
hwa
fi
hwi
fe
hwe
[ɸa][ɸi][ɸe]
Conventionalふぁふぃふぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ふゎ
New Okinawan Okinawan kana hwa.png Okinawan kana hwi.png Okinawan kana hwe.png

Others

n 345
''n
Conventional
Councilっん
Ryukyu Univ.
New Okinawan Okinawan kana 'n.png
3: Hatsuon (moraic n)
4: Sokuon (geminated consonants)
5: Chōon (longer vowels): In conventional usages, longer vowels are sometimes spelled like in mainland Japanese as well; "ou" (おう) for ō, doubled kana for others. (e.g. うう for ū.)

References

  1. "Okinawan, Central" . Ethnologue. Retrieved 2022-02-24.
  2. "国指定重要文化財 (昭48.6.6) - だ - 田名家文書 - 沖縄県" (PDF). 沖縄県ホームページ. Retrieved 2025-07-20.
  3. "どぅ~ちゅいむにぃ~ 古文書入門編 第 1 回 ; 古文書の文字" (PDF). 琉球大学付属図書館. Retrieved 2025-07-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)