U

U
U
U u
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin
Sound values	[ u ]; [ w ]; [ ʉ ]; [ y ]; [ ʏ ]; [ h ]; [ ʊ ]; [ iː ]; [ ɨː ]; [ ʌ ]; [ ɛ ]; /juː/ ;
In Unicode	U+0055; U+0075;
Alphabetical position	21
History
Development	Υ υ 𐌖 V U u; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Time period	1386 to present
Descendants	W ; ᴝ ; ꭎ [ fr ]; ∪ ; ∩ ;
Sisters	F ; W ; Ѵ ; У ; Ў ; Ұ ; Ү ; ו ; و ; ܘ ; וּ ; וֹ ; ࠅ ; 𐎆 ; 𐡅 ; ወ ; વ ; ૂ ુ ; उ ;
Other
Associated graphs	u(x) ; qu ;
Writing direction	Left-to-right
	This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Last updated November 24, 2024

U, or u, is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is u (pronounced /ˈjuː/ ), plural ues.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[a]

Name

In English, the name of the letter is the "long U" sound, pronounced /ˈjuː/ . In most other languages, its name matches the letter's pronunciation in open syllables.

History

Proto-Sinaitic	Phoenician Waw	(Western) Greek Upsilon	Latin V	Latin U

U derives from the Semitic waw, as does F, and later, Y, W, and V. Its oldest ancestor goes back to Egyptian hieroglyphs, and is probably from a hieroglyph of a mace or fowl, representing the sound [ v ] or the sound [ w ]. This was borrowed to Phoenician, where it represented the sound [ w ], and seldom the vowel [ u ].

In Greek, two letters were adapted from the Phoenician waw. The letter was adapted, but split in two, with Digamma or wau ⟨Ϝ⟩ being adapted to represent [ w ], and the second one being Upsilon ⟨Υ⟩, which was originally adapted to represent [ u ], later fronted, becoming [ y ].

In Latin, a stemless variant shape of the upsilon was borrowed in early times as U, taking the form of modern-day V –either directly from the Western Greek alphabet or from the Etruscan alphabet as an intermediary –to represent the same /u/ sound, as well as the consonantal /w/, num –originally spelled NVM –was pronounced /num/ and via was pronounced [ˈwia] . From the 1st century AD on, depending on Vulgar Latin dialect, consonantal /w/ developed into /β/ (kept in Spanish), then later to /v/.

During the late Middle Ages, two minuscule forms developed, which were both used for /v/ or the vowel /u/. The pointed form ⟨v⟩ was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form ⟨u⟩ was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas 'valour' and 'excuse' appeared as in modern printing, 'have' and 'upon' were printed 'haue' and 'vpon', respectively. The first recorded use of ⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ as distinct letters is in a Gothic alphabet from 1386, where ⟨v⟩ preceded ⟨u⟩. Printers eschewed capital ⟨U⟩ in favor of ⟨V⟩ into the 17th century and the distinction between the two letters was not fully accepted by the French Academy until 1762.^[4]^[5]^{[ better source needed ]} The rounded variant became the modern-day version of U and its former pointed form became V.

Use in writing systems

Pronunciation of ⟨u⟩ by language
Orthography	Phonemes
Afrikaans	/y/
Standard Chinese ^[6] (pinyin)	/u/, /y/
Danish	/u/, /ʊ/
Dutch	/y/, /œ/
English	/ʌ/, /juː/, /uː/, /ʊ/, /ɜː/, /jʊə/, /ʊə/, /w/, silent
Esperanto	/u/
Faroese	/u/, /ʊ/
French	/y/, /ɥ/
German	/u/, /ʊ/
Icelandic	/u/, /ʏ/
Indonesian ^[7]	/u/
Italian	/u/, /w/
Japanese (Hepburn)	/ɯ/, silent
Lithuanian	/ʊ/
Low German	/u/, /ʊ/
Malay	/u/, /w/
Norwegian	/ʉ/, /ɵ/
Portuguese	/u/, /w/, /ɐ/
Spanish	/u/, /w/
Swedish	/ʉ/, /ɵ/
Turkish	/u/
Welsh	/ɨ̞/, /ɨː/ or /ɪ/, /iː/

English

In English, the letter ⟨u⟩ has four main pronunciations. There are "long" and "short" pronunciations. Short ⟨u⟩, found originally in closed syllables, most commonly represents /ʌ/ (as in 'duck'), though it retains its old pronunciation /ʊ/ after labial consonants in some words (as in 'put') and occasionally elsewhere (as in 'sugar'). Long ⟨u⟩, found originally in words of French origin (the descendant of Old English long ⟨u⟩ was respelled as ⟨ ou ⟩), most commonly represents /juː/ (as in 'mule'), reducing to /uː/ after ⟨r⟩ (as in 'rule'), ⟨j⟩ (as in 'June') and sometimes (or optionally) after ⟨l⟩ (as in 'lute'), and after additional consonants in American English (a do–dew merger). (After ⟨s⟩, /sjuː,zjuː/ have assimilated to /ʃuː,ʒuː/ in some words.)

The letter ⟨u⟩ is used in the digraphs ⟨au⟩/ɔː/, ⟨ou⟩ (various pronunciations, but usually /aʊ/), and with the value of long ⟨u⟩ in ⟨eu⟩, ⟨ue⟩, and in a few words ⟨ui⟩ (as in 'fruit'). It often has the sound /w/ before a vowel in the sequences ⟨qu⟩ (as in 'quick'), ⟨gu⟩ (as in 'anguish'), and ⟨su⟩ (as in 'suave'), though it is silent in final ⟨que⟩ (as in 'unique') and in many words with ⟨gu⟩ (as in 'guard').

Additionally, the letter ⟨u⟩ is used in text messaging, the Internet, and other written slang to denote 'you', by virtue of both being pronounced /juː/ .

Certain varieties of the English language (i.e. British English, Canadian English, etc.) use the letter U in words such as colour, labour, valour, etc. In American English, the letter is not used, and the words mentioned are spelled as color and so on.

It is the thirteenth most frequently used letter in the English language,^{[ when? ]} with a frequency of about 2.8% in words.^{[ citation needed ]}

Other languages

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨u⟩ represents the close back rounded vowel /u/ or a similar vowel.^[8]

In French orthography the letter represents the close front rounded vowel /y/; /u/ is represented by ⟨ou⟩.
In Dutch and Afrikaans, it represents either /y/, or a near-close near-front rounded vowel /ʏ/; likewise, the phoneme /u/ is represented by ⟨oe⟩.
In Welsh orthography the letter can represent a long close front unrounded vowel /iː/ or short near-close near-front unrounded vowel /ɪ/ in Southern dialects. In Northern dialects, the corresponding long and short vowels are a long close central unrounded vowel /ɨː/ and a short lowered close central unrounded vowel /ɨ̞/, respectively. /uː/ and /ʊ/ are represented by ⟨w⟩.

Other systems

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨u⟩ for the close back rounded vowel.

Other uses

The symbol 'U' is the chemical symbol for uranium.
In the context of Newtonian mechanics, 'U' is the symbol for the potential energy of a system.
'u' is the symbol for the atomic mass unit, and 'U' is the symbol for one enzyme unit.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the close back rounded vowel is represented by the lowercase ⟨u⟩.
'U' is also the source of the mathematical symbol ∪, representing a union. It is used mainly for Venn diagrams and geometry.
It is used for micro- in metric measurements as a replacement for the Greek letter μ (mu), of which it is a graphic approximation when that Greek letter is not available, as in "um" for μm (micrometer).
Some universities, such as the University of Miami and the University of Utah, are locally known as "The U".
'U' (or sometimes RU) is a standard height unit of measure in rack units, with each U equal to 44.50 millimetres (1.75 in).
'U' is used as the symbol of the World War II organization Ustaše.
U is an honorific in Burmese.^[9]

Related characters

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

⟨𐤅‎⟩: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive:
- ⟨Υ υ⟩: Greek letter Upsilon, from which U derives
  - ⟨V v⟩: Latin letter V, descended from U
    - ⟨W w⟩: Latin letter W, descended from V/U
  - ⟨Y y⟩: Latin letter Y, also descended from Upsilon
  - ⟨У у⟩: Cyrillic letter U, which also derives from Upsilon
  - ⟨Ү ү⟩: Cyrillic letter Ue
- ⟨Ϝ ϝ⟩: Greek letter Digamma
  - ⟨F f⟩: Latin letter F, derived from Digamma
IPA-specific symbols related to U: ⟨ ʊ ⟩⟨ ɥ ⟩
Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to U:^[10]
- U+1D1CᴜLATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U
- U+1D41ᵁMODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL U
- U+1D58ᵘMODIFIER LETTER SMALL U
- U+1D64ᵤLATIN SUBSCRIPT SMALL LETTER U
- U+1D1DᴝLATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS U
- U+1D1EᴞLATIN SMALL LETTER SIDEWAYS DIAERESIZED U
- U+1D59ᵙMODIFIER LETTER SMALL SIDEWAYS U
Teuthonista phonetic transcription-specific symbols related to U:^[11]
- U+AB4EꭎLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG
- U+AB4FꭏLATIN SMALL LETTER U BAR WITH SHORT RIGHT LEG
- U+AB51ꭑLATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED UI
- U+AB52ꭒLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH LEFT HOOK
- U+AB5FꭟMODIFIER LETTER SMALL U WITH LEFT HOOK
U+1DB8ᶸMODIFIER LETTER SMALL CAPITAL U: used for phonetic transcription^[12]
⟨Ꞿ ꞿ⟩: Glottal U, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic ^[13]
U with diacritics: ⟨ Ŭ ŭ Ʉ ʉ ᵾ⟩^[12]⟨ᶶ⟩^[12]⟨Ꞹ⟩^[14]⟨ꞹ⟩^[14]⟨ Ụ ụ ⟩⟨ Ü ü ⟩⟨Ǜ ǜ⟩⟨Ǘ ǘ⟩⟨Ǚ ǚ⟩⟨Ǖ ǖ⟩⟨Ṳ ṳ⟩⟨ Ú ú ⟩⟨ Ù ù ⟩⟨ Û û Ṷ ṷ ⟩⟨ Ǔ ǔ ⟩⟨ Ȗ ȗ ⟩⟨ Ű ű ⟩⟨ Ŭ ŭ ⟩⟨ Ư ư ⟩⟨Ứ ứ⟩⟨Ừ ừ⟩⟨Ử ử⟩⟨Ự ự⟩⟨Ữ Ữ⟩⟨ Ủ ủ ⟩⟨ Ū ū ⟩⟨Ū̀ ū̀⟩⟨Ū́ ū́⟩⟨Ṻ ṻ⟩⟨Ū̃ ū̃⟩⟨ Ũ ũ ⟩⟨Ṹ ṹ⟩⟨Ṵ ṵ⟩⟨ ᶙ ⟩^[12]⟨ Ų ų Ų́ ų́ Ų̃ ų̃ ⟩⟨ Ȕ ȕ ⟩⟨ Ů ů ⟩
- U+A7B8ꞸLATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH STROKE and U+A7B9ꞹLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH STROKE are used in the Mazahua language and feature a bar diacritic.

Ligatures and abbreviations

∪: Union, an infix notation.
∩: Intersection, an infix notation.

Other representations

Computing

Character information
Preview	U		u		Ｕ		ｕ
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U		LATIN SMALL LETTER U		FULLWIDTH LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U		FULLWIDTH LATIN SMALL LETTER U
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	85	U+0055	117	U+0075	65333	U+FF35	65365	U+FF55
UTF-8	85	55	117	75	239 188 181	EF BC B5	239 189 149	EF BD 95
Numeric character reference	U	U	u	u	Ｕ	Ｕ	ｕ	ｕ
EBCDIC family	228	E4	164	A4
ASCII ^[b]	85	55	117	75

Other

NATO phonetic	Morse code
Uniform	▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ^ⓘ


Signal flag	Flag semaphore	American manual alphabet (ASL fingerspelling)	British manual alphabet (BSL fingerspelling)	Braille dots-136 Unified English Braille

Notes

↑ Ues is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered U's, Us, u's, or us.
↑ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

Related Research Articles

A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide. Its name in English is a, plural aes.

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is e ; plural es, Es, or E's.

F, or f, is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet and many modern alphabets influenced by it, including the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of all other modern western European languages. Its name in English is ef, and the plural is efs.

H, or h, is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, including the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is aitch, or regionally haitch, plural haitches.

M, or m, is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of several western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is em, plural ems.

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide. Its name in English is en, plural ens.

O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is o, plural oes.

T, or t, is the twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is tee, plural tees.

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee, plural vees.

W, or w, is the twenty-third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is double-u, plural double-ues.

Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. According to some authorities, it is the sixth vowel letter of the English alphabet. Its name in English is wye, plural wyes.

Æ is a character formed from the letters a and e, originally a ligature representing the Latin diphthong ae. It has been promoted to the status of a letter in some languages, including Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic, and Faroese. It was also used in Old Swedish before being changed to ä. It was also used in Ossetian before switched back to its Cyrillic counterpart. The modern International Phonetic Alphabet uses it to represent the near-open front unrounded vowel. Diacritic variants include Ǣ/ǣ, Ǽ/ǽ, Æ̀/æ̀, Æ̂/æ̂ and Æ̃/æ̃.

Œ is a Latin alphabet grapheme, a ligature of o and e. In medieval and early modern Latin, it was used in borrowings from Greek that originally contained the diphthong οι, and in a few non-Greek words. These usages continue in English and French. In French, the words that were borrowed from Latin and contained the Latin diphthong written as œ now generally have é or è; but œ is still used in some non-learned French words, representing open-mid front rounded vowels, such as œil ("eye") and sœur ("sister").

Latin epsilon or open E is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, based on the lowercase of the Greek letter epsilon (ε). It was introduced in the 16th century by Gian Giorgio Trissino to represent the pronunciation of the "open e" in the Italian language; this use of the letter has since become the standard in IPA notation. Since the 20th century, the letter also occurs in the orthographies of many Niger–Congo and Nilo-Saharan languages, such as Ewe, Akan, Lingala, Dinka and Maasai, for the vowel or, and is included in the African reference alphabet.

The letter Ʊ, called horseshoe or sometimes bucket, inverted omega or Latin upsilon, is a letter of the International Phonetic Alphabet used to transcribe a near-close near-back rounded vowel. Graphically, the lower case is a turned small-capital Greek letter omega (Ω) in many typefaces, and historically it derives from a small-capital Latin U (ᴜ), with the serifs exaggerated to make them more visible. However, Geoffrey Pullum interpreted it as an IPA variant of the Greek letter upsilon (υ) and called it Latin upsilon, the name that would be adopted by Unicode, though in IPA an actual Greek upsilon is also used for the voiced labiodental approximant; Pullum called this letter script V and Unicode calls it V with hook.

Latin alpha, script a, or single-story a is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on one lowercase form of a, or on the Greek lowercase alpha (α).

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is el, plural els.

J, or j, is the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its usual name in English is jay, with a now-uncommon variant jy.

C, or c, is the third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee, plural cees.

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is i, plural ies.

References

↑ "U". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.
↑ Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. 1993.
↑ Brown, Goold; Kiddle, Henry (1870). The institutes of English grammar. New York, W. Wood & co. p. 19.
↑ cf. "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item; and "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item.
↑ Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany . Translated by Bruhn, Gregory. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8 . Retrieved June 21, 2009.
↑ Odinye, Sunny Ifeanyi (January 2015). "Phonology of Mandarin Chinese: Pinyin vs. IPA". ResearchGate . Retrieved May 17, 2021.
↑ "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.
↑ "Latin". Ancient Scripts. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.
↑ Pun, Sharon (August 4, 2018). "The meaning behind Myanmar names". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.
↑ Everson, Michael (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
↑ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
1 2 3 4 Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
↑ Suignard, Michel (May 9, 2017). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
1 2 Jacquerye, Denis (January 22, 2016). "L2/16-032: Proposal to encode two Latin characters for Mazahua" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2018.

External links

Media related to U at Wikimedia Commons
The dictionary definition of U at Wiktionary
The dictionary definition of u at Wiktionary

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Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
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[4] Ues is the plural of the name of the letter; the plural of the letter itself is rendered U's, Us, u's, or us.

[16] Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

[1] "U". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989.

[2] Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged. 1993.

[3] Brown, Goold; Kiddle, Henry (1870). The institutes of English grammar. New York, W. Wood & co. p. 19.

[5] . "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item; and "U," in Dictionnaire de l'Académie Françoise, 4th ed., 2: 893. 2 vols. Paris: Chez la Veuve de Bernard Brunet, Imprimeur de l'Académie Françoiſe, 1762. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k12803850/f901.item.

[6] Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany . Translated by Bruhn, Gregory. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8 . Retrieved June 21, 2009.

[:0-7] Odinye, Sunny Ifeanyi (January 2015). "Phonology of Mandarin Chinese: Pinyin vs. IPA". ResearchGate . Retrieved May 17, 2021.

[8] "Indonesian Alphabet and Pronunciation". Archived from the original on May 8, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2021.

[9] "Latin". Ancient Scripts. Archived from the original on June 11, 2017. Retrieved June 8, 2017.

[10] Pun, Sharon (August 4, 2018). "The meaning behind Myanmar names". Frontier Myanmar. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 9, 2021.

[11] Everson, Michael (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

[12] Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (June 2, 2011). "L2/11-202: Revised proposal to encode "Teuthonista" phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

[L204132-13] 1 2 3 4 Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

[14] Suignard, Michel (May 9, 2017). "L2/17-076R2: Revised proposal for the encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic characters" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.

[L216032-15] 1 2 Jacquerye, Denis (January 22, 2016). "L2/16-032: Proposal to encode two Latin characters for Mazahua" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2018.

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