Ogonek

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◌̨
Ogonek
U+0328◌̨̨COMBINING OGONEK
◌᷎
U+1DCE◌᷎COMBINING OGONEK ABOVE
See also
U+02DB˛OGONEK (˛), spacing

The tail or ogonek ( /əˈɡɒnɛk,-ək/ ə-GON-ek, -⁠ək; Polish: [ɔˈɡɔnɛk] , "little tail", diminutive of ogon) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages. It is also placed on the lower right corner of consonants in some Latin transcriptions of various indigenous languages of the Caucasus mountains.[ clarification needed ]

Contents

An ogonek can also be attached to the bottom of a vowel in Old Norse or Old Icelandic to show length or vowel affection. [1] For example, in Old Norse, ǫ represents the Old Norwegian vowel [ɔ], which in Old Icelandic merges with ø ‹ö› and in modern Scandinavian languages is represented by the letter å .

Use

Example in Polish:

Wół go pyta: „Panie chrząszczu,
Po cóż pan tak brzęczy w gąszczu?“
— The ox asks him: "Mr. beetle, why do you buzz like that in the thicket?"
— Jan Brzechwa, Chrząszcz

Example in Cayuga:

Ęyǫgwędę́hte[ citation needed ] — we will become poor

Example in Chickasaw:

Nǫwali - I am walking

Example in Dogrib:

dǫ sǫǫ̀łįį — native people

Example in Lithuanian:

Lydėdami gęstančią žarą vėlai
Pakilo į dangų margi sakalai
— Vincas Mykolaitis-Putinas, Margi sakalai

Example in Elfdalian:

"Ja, eð war įe plåg að gęslkallum, dar eð war slaik uondlostjyner i gęslun."
— Vikar Margit Andersdotter, I fäbodlivet i gamla tider.

Values

Nasalization

The use of the ogonek to indicate nasality is common in the transcription of the indigenous languages of the Americas. This usage originated in the orthographies created by Christian missionaries to transcribe these languages. Later, the practice was continued by Americanist anthropologists and linguists who still, to the present day, follow this convention in phonetic transcription (see Americanist phonetic notation).

The ogonek is also used to indicate a nasalized vowel in Polish, academic transliteration of Proto-Germanic, Old Church Slavonic, Navajo, Western Apache, Chiricahua, Tłįchǫ Yatiì, Slavey, Dëne Sųłiné and Elfdalian. In Polish, ę is nasalized e; however, ą is nasalized o, not a, because of a vowel shift: ą, originally a long nasal a, turned into a short nasal o when the distinction in vowel quantity disappeared.

Length

In Lithuanian, the nosinė (literally, "nasal") mark originally indicated vowel nasalization but around late 17th and early 18th century, nasal vowels gradually evolved into the corresponding long non-nasal vowels in most dialects. Thus, the mark is now de facto an indicator of vowel length (the length of etymologically non-nasal vowels is marked differently or not marked at all). The mark also helps to distinguish different grammatical forms with otherwise the same written form (often with a different word stress, which is not indicated directly in the standard orthography).

Lowered articulation

Between 1927 and 1989, the ogonek denoted lowering in vowels, and, since 1976, in consonants as well, in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). While the obsolete diacritic has also been identified as the left half ring diacritic ⟨◌̜⟩, many publications of the IPA used the ogonek. [4]

In Rheinische Dokumenta, it marks vowels that are more open than those denoted by their base letters Ää, Oo, Öö. In two cases, it can be combined with umlaut marks.

Similar diacritics

E caudata and o caudata

The E caudata (ę), a symbol similar to an e with ogonek, evolved from a ligature of a and e in medieval scripts, in Latin and Irish palaeography. The O caudata of Old Norse [5] (letter ǫ, with ǫ́) [6] [7] is used to write the open-mid back rounded vowel, /ɔ/. Medieval Nordic manuscripts show this 'hook' in both directions, in combination with several vowels. [8] Despite this distinction, the term 'ogonek' is sometimes used in discussions of typesetting and encoding Norse texts, as o caudata is typographically identical to o with ogonek. Similarly, the E caudata was sometimes used to designate the Norse vowel [ɛ] or [æ].

Cedilla and comma

The ogonek is functionally equivalent to the cedilla and comma diacritic marks. If two of these three are used within the same orthography their respective use is restricted to certain classes of letters, i.e. usually the ogonek is used with vowels whereas the cedilla is applied to consonants. In handwritten text, the marks may even look the same.

Superscript ogonek

In Old Norse and Old Icelandic manuscripts, there is an over-hook or curl that may be considered a variant of the ogonek. It occurs on the letters a᷎ e᷎ i᷎ o᷎ ø᷎ u᷎.

Letters with ogonek

  • Ogonek ◌̨    Ą ą
  • Ą́ ą́
  • Ą̃ ą̃
  • Ą̈ ą̈
  • Ą̊ ą̊
  • Æ̨ æ̨
  • C̨ c̨
  • Ę ę
  • Ę́ ę́
  • Ę̃ ę̃
  • Į į
  • Į́ į́
  • Į̃ į̃
  • M̨ m̨
  • N̨ n̨
  • Ǫ ǫ
  • Ǭ ǭ
  • Ǫ̈ ǫ̈
  • Ǫ́ ǫ́
  • Ø̨ ø̨
  • T̨ t̨
  • Ų ų
  • Ų́ ų́
  • Ų̃ ų̃
  • Ų̈ ų̈
  • Y̨ y̨

Typographical notes

The ogonek should be almost the same size as a descender (relatively, its size in larger type may be significantly shorter), and should not be confused with the cedilla or comma diacritics used in other languages.

Encoding

Because attaching an ogonek does not affect the shape of the base letter, Unicode covers it with a combining diacritic, U+0328. There are a number of precomposed legacy characters, but new ones are not being added to Unicode (e.g. for ⟨æ̨⟩ or ⟨ø̨⟩).

Character information
Preview˛̨᷎
Unicode nameOGONEKCOMBINING OGONEKCOMBINING OGONEK ABOVE
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode 731U+02DB808U+03287630U+1DCE
UTF-8 203 155CB 9B204 168CC A8225 183 142E1 B7 8E
Numeric character reference ˛˛̨̨᷎᷎
Named character reference ˛
Character information
PreviewĄąĘę
Unicode nameLATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH OGONEKLATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH OGONEKLATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH OGONEKLATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH OGONEK
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 260U+0104261U+0105280U+0118281U+0119
UTF-8 196 132C4 84196 133C4 85196 152C4 98196 153C4 99
Numeric character reference ĄĄąąĘĘęę
Named character reference ĄąĘę
ISO 8859-2 / ISO 8859-4 / ISO 8859-10 161A1177B1202CA234EA
Named character reference ĄąĘę
Character information
PreviewĮįǪǫ
Unicode nameLATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH OGONEKLATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH OGONEKLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEKLATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 302U+012E303U+012F490U+01EA491U+01EB
UTF-8 196 174C4 AE196 175C4 AF199 170C7 AA199 171C7 AB
Numeric character reference ĮĮįįǪǪǫǫ
Named character reference Įį
Named character reference Įį
Character information
PreviewǬǭŲų
Unicode nameLATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON		LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH OGONEK
AND MACRON		LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH OGONEKLATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH OGONEK
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode 492U+01EC493U+01ED370U+0172371U+0173
UTF-8 199 172C7 AC199 173C7 AD197 178C5 B2197 179C5 B3
Numeric character reference ǬǬǭǭŲŲųų
Named character reference Ųų
Named character reference Ųų

LaTeX2e

In LaTeX2e, macro \k will typeset a letter with ogonek, if it is supported by the font encoding, e.g. \k{a} will typeset ą. (The default LaTeX OT1 encoding does not support it, but the newer T1 one does. It may be enabled by saying \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} in the preamble.)

However, \k{e} rather places the diacritic "right-aligned" with the carrying e (ę), suitably for Polish, while \textogonekcentered horizontally centers the diacritic with respect to the carrier, suitably for Native American Languages as well as for e caudata and o caudata. So \textogonekcentered{e} better fits the latter purposes. Actually, \k{o} (for ǫ) is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{o}, and \k{O} is defined to result in \textogonekcentered{O}. [9]

The package TIPA, activated by using the command "\usepackage{tipa}", offers a different way: "\textpolhook{a}" will produce ą.

References

  1. ↑ "N3027: Proposal to add medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-01-30.
  2. ↑ "Hoocąk Waaziija Haci Language Division". Mauston, Wisconsin: Ho-Chunk Nation. Archived from the original on 2003-04-23. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  3. ↑ "N3077: Response to UTC/US contribution N3037R (Feedback on N3027 Proposal to add medievalist characters)" (PDF). ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2. 2006-03-31.
  4. ↑ Whitley, M. Stanley (2003). "Rhotic representation: problems and proposals". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 23 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001166. S2CID   145538124. Page 84, note 2.
  5. ↑ For this traditional and correct name, see e.g. Einar Haugen (ed. and trans.), First Grammatical Treatise , 2nd edition, Longman, 1972.
  6. ↑ "Non-European and historic Latin". Unicode Consortium . Retrieved 2011-05-15.
  7. ↑ Sebastian Kempgen (2006). "Unicode 4.1 and Slavic Philology Problems and Perspectives (I)" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  8. ↑ "Characters with a combining hook above". Medieval Unicode Font Initiative. 2003-02-05. Archived from the original on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  9. ↑ See t1enc.def in LaTeX2e distributions.
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