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In linguistics, incorporation is a phenomenon by which a grammatical category, such as a verb, forms a compound with its direct object or adverbial modifier, while retaining its original syntactic function. The inclusion of a noun qualifies the verb, narrowing its scope rather than making reference to a specific entity.
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Tsʼixa is a critically endangered African language that belongs to the Kalahari Khoe branch of the Khoe-Kwadi language family. The Tsʼixa speech community consists of approximately 200 speakers who live in Botswana on the eastern edge of the Okavango Delta, in the small village of Mababe. They are a foraging society that consists of the ethnically diverse groups commonly subsumed under the names "San", "Bushmen" or "Basarwa". The most common term of self-reference within the community is Xuukhoe or 'people left behind', a rather broad ethnonym roughly equaling San, which is also used by Khwe-speakers in Botswana. Although the affiliation of Tsʼixa within the Khalari Khoe branch, as well as the genetic classification of the Khoisan languages in general, is still unclear, the Khoisan language scholar Tom Güldemann posits in a 2014 article the following genealogical relationships within Khoe-Kwadi, and argues for the status of Tsʼixa as a language in its own right. The language tree to the right presents a possible classification of Tsʼixa within Khoe-Kwadi:
References
- 1 2 Onondaga at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- 1 2 Moses, Sarah (September 13, 2015). "Onondaga Nation's urgent mission: Saving our language". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
- ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- ↑ "Six Nations of the Grand River | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- 1 2 "Gawęnahwishe' Onǫda'gega'". Gawęnahwishe' Onǫda'gega'. Retrieved 2020-12-08.
- Abrams, Percy (2006). Onondaga Pronominal Prefixes (PDF) (PhD Dissertation). Buffalo: State University of New York. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-02-04.
- Chafe, Wallace L. (1970). A Semantically Based Sketch of Onondaga. Indiana University Publications in Anthropology and Linguistics. Vol. 25. LCCN 73635849. OCLC 154558.
- Michelson, Karin (1988). A Comparative Study of Lake-Iroquoian Accent. Dordrecht: Kluwer. ISBN 1-55608-054-9. LCCN 87-32340.
- Woodbury, Hanni (1975a). "Onondaga Noun Incorporation: Some Notes on the Interdependence of Syntax and Semantics". International Journal of American Linguistics. 41 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1086/465334. S2CID 145717488.
- Woodbury, Hanni (1975b). Noun Incorporation in Onondaga (PhD Dissertation). Yale University.
- Woodbury, Hanni (2002). Onondaga-English/English-Onondaga Dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 080203733X. LCCN 2003279006.
- Woodbury, Hanni (2018). A Reference Grammar of the Onondaga Language. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781487502829. LCCN 2019297966.
