Colon (punctuation)

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Colon
U+003A:COLON (:)

The colon, :, is a punctuation mark consisting of two equally sized dots aligned vertically. A colon often precedes an explanation, a list, [1] or a quoted sentence. [2] It is also used between hours and minutes in time, [1] between certain elements in medical journal citations, [3] between chapter and verse in Bible citations, [4] and, in the US, for salutations in business letters and other formal letters. [1]

Contents

History

In Ancient Greek, in rhetoric and prosody, the term κῶλον (kôlon, lit. 'limb, member of a body') did not refer to punctuation, but to a member or section of a complete thought or passage; see also Colon (rhetoric) . From this usage, in palaeography, a colon is a clause or group of clauses written as a line in a manuscript. [5]

In the 3rd century BC, Aristophanes of Byzantium is alleged to have devised a punctuation system, in which the end of such a kôlon was thought to occasion a medium-length breath, and was marked by a middot · . In practice, evidence is scarce for its early usage, but it was revived later as the ano teleia , the modern Greek semicolon. [6] Some writers also used a double dot symbol ⁚, that later came to be used as a full stop or to mark a change of speaker. (See also Punctuation in Ancient Greek .)

In 1589, in The Arte of English Poesie, the English term colon and the corresponding punctuation mark : is attested: [7] [a]

For these respectes the auncient reformers of language, inuented, three maner of pauses [...] The shortest pause or intermission they called comma [...] The second they called colon, not a peece but as it were a member for his larger length, because it occupied twise as much time as the comma. The third they called periodus, [...]

In 1622, in Nicholas Okes' print of William Shakespeare's Othello , the typographical construction of a colon followed by a hyphen or dash to indicate a restful pause is attested. [8] This construction, known as the dog's bollocks , was once common in British English, though this usage is now discouraged. [9] [10] [11]

As late as the 18th century, John Mason related the appropriateness of a colon to the length of the pause taken when reading the text aloud, but silent reading eventually replaced this with other considerations. [12]

Usage in English

In modern English usage, a complete sentence precedes a colon, while a list, description, explanation, or definition follows it. The elements which follow the colon may or may not be a complete sentence: since the colon is preceded by a sentence, it is a complete sentence whether what follows the colon is another sentence or not. While it is acceptable to capitalise the first letter after the colon in American English, it is not the case in British English, except where a proper noun immediately follows a colon. [13]

Colon used before list
Daequan was so hungry that he ate everything in the house: chips, cold pizza, pretzels and dip, hot dogs, peanut butter, and candy.
Colon used before a description
Bertha is so desperate that she'll date anyone, even William: he's uglier than a squashed toad on the highway, and that's on his good days.
Colon before definition
For years while I was reading Shakespeare's Othello and criticism on it, I had to constantly look up the word "egregious" since the villain uses that word: outstandingly bad or shocking.
Colon before explanation
I guess I can say I had a rough weekend: I had chest pain and spent all Saturday and Sunday in the emergency room.

Some writers use fragments (incomplete sentences) before a colon for emphasis or stylistic preferences (to show a character's voice in literature), as in this example:

Dinner: chips and juice. What a well-rounded diet I have.

The Bedford Handbook describes several uses of a colon. For example, one can use a colon after an independent clause to direct attention to a list, an appositive, or a quotation, and it can be used between independent clauses if the second summarizes or explains the first. In non-literary or non-expository uses, one may use a colon after the salutation in a formal letter, to indicate hours and minutes, to show proportions, between a title and subtitle, and between city and publisher in bibliographic entries. [14]

Luca Serianni, an Italian scholar who helped to define and develop the colon as a punctuation mark, identified four punctuational modes for it: syntactical-deductive, syntactical-descriptive, appositive, and segmental. [15]

Syntactical-deductive

The colon introduces the logical consequence, or effect, of a fact stated before.

There was only one possible explanation: the train had never arrived.

Syntactical-descriptive

In this sense the colon introduces a description; in particular, it makes explicit the elements of a set.

I have three sisters: Daphne, Rose, and Suzanne.

Syntactical-descriptive colons may separate the numbers indicating hours, minutes, and seconds in abbreviated measures of time. [16]

The concert begins at 21:45.
The rocket launched at 09:15:05.

British English and Australian English, however, more frequently uses a point for this purpose:

The programme will begin at 8.00 pm.
You will need to arrive by 14.30. [17] [18]

A colon is also used in the descriptive location of a book verse if the book is divided into verses, such as in the Bible or the Quran:

"Isaiah 42:8"
"Deuteronomy 32:39"
"Quran 10:5"

Appositive

Luruns could not speak: he was drunk. [19]

An appositive colon also separates the subtitle of a work from its principal title. (In effect, the example given above illustrates an appositive use of the colon as an abbreviation for the conjunction "because".) Dillon has noted the impact of colons on scholarly articles, [20] [21] but the reliability of colons as a predictor of quality or impact has also been challenged. [22] [23] In titles, neither needs to be a complete sentence as titles do not represent expository writing:

Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi

Segmental

Like a dash or quotation mark, a segmental colon introduces speech. The segmental function was once a common means of indicating an unmarked quotation on the same line. The following example is from the grammar book The King's English :

Benjamin Franklin proclaimed the virtue of frugality: A penny saved is a penny earned.

This form is still used in British industry-standard templates for written performance dialogues, such as in a play. [24] The colon indicates that the words following an character's name are spoken by that character.

Patient: Doctor, I feel like a pair of curtains.
Doctor: Pull yourself together!

The uniform visual pattern of <character_nametag : character_spoken_lines> placement on a script page assists an actor in scanning for the lines of their assigned character during rehearsal, especially if a script is undergoing rewrites between rehearsals.

Use of capitals

Use of capitalization or lower-case after a colon varies. In British English, and in most Commonwealth countries, the word following the colon is in lower case unless it is normally capitalized for some other reason, as with proper nouns and acronyms. British English also capitalizes a new sentence introduced by a colon's segmental use.[ citation needed ]

American English permits writers to similarly capitalize the first word of any independent clause following a colon. This follows the guidelines of some modern American style guides, including those published by the Associated Press and the Modern Language Association. The Chicago Manual of Style , however, requires capitalization only when the colon introduces a direct quotation, a direct question, or two or more complete sentences. [25] [ failed verification ]

In many European languages, the colon is usually followed by a lower-case letter unless the upper case is required for other reasons, as with British English. German usage requires capitalization of independent clauses following a colon. [26] Dutch further capitalizes the first word of any quotation following a colon, even if it is not a complete sentence on its own. [27]

Spacing and parentheses

In print, a thin space was traditionally placed before a colon and a thick space after it. In modern English-language printing, no space is placed before a colon and a single space is placed after it. [28] [29] In French-language typing and printing, the traditional rules are preserved.

One or two spaces may be and have been used after a colon. The older convention (designed to be used by monospaced fonts) was to use two spaces after a colon. [30]

In modern typography, a colon will be placed outside the closing parenthesis introducing a list. In very early English typography, it could be placed inside, as seen in Roger Williams' 1643 book about the Native American languages of New England. [31]

Usage in other languages

Suffix separator

In Finnish and Swedish, the colon can appear inside words in a manner similar to the apostrophe in the English possessive case, connecting a grammatical suffix to an abbreviation or initialism, a special symbol, or a digit (e.g., Finnish USA:n and Swedish USA:s for the genitive case of "USA", Finnish %:ssa for the inessive case of "%", or Finnish 20:een for the illative case of "20").

Abbreviation mark

Written Swedish uses colons in contractions, such as S:t for Sankt (Swedish for "Saint") – for example in the name of the Stockholm metro station S:t Eriksplan , and k:a for kyrka ("church") – for instance Svenska k:a (Svenska kyrkan), the Evangelical Lutheran national Church of Sweden. This can even occur in people's names, for example Antonia Ax:son Johnson ( Ax:son for Axelson). Early Modern English texts also used colons to mark abbreviations. [32] [33]

Word separator

15th century Bible text in Ge'ez script showing colons between the words Ethiopic genesis (ch. 29, v. 11-16), 15th century (The S.S. Teacher's Edition-The Holy Bible - Plate XII, 1).jpg
15th century Bible text in Ge'ez script showing colons between the words

In Ethiopia, both Amharic and Ge'ez script used and sometimes still use a colon-like mark as word separator.

Historically, a colon-like mark was used as a word separator in Old Turkic script.

End of sentence or verse

In Armenian, a colon indicates the end of a sentence, similar to a Latin full stop or period.

In liturgical Hebrew, the sof pasuq is used in some writings such as prayer books to signal the end of a verse.

Score divider

In German, Hebrew, and sometimes in English, a colon divides the scores of opponents in sports and games. A result of 149–0 would be written as 149 : 0 in German and in Hebrew.

Mathematics and logic

The colon is used in mathematics, cartography, model building, and other fields, in this context it denotes a ratio or a scale, as in 3:1 (pronounced "three to one"). [1]

When a ratio is reduced to a simpler form, such as 10:15 to 2:3, this may be expressed with a double colon as 10:15::2:3; this would be read "10 is to 15 as 2 is to 3". This form is also used in tests of logic where the question of "Dog is to Puppy as Cat is to _____?" can be expressed as "Dog:Puppy::Cat:_____". For these uses, there is a dedicated Unicode symbol (U+2236∶RATIO) that is preferred in some contexts. Compare 2:3 (ratio colon) with 2:3 (U+003A ASCII colon).

In some languages (e.g. German, Russian, and French), the colon is the commonly used sign for division (instead of ÷). (See also Division sign and Division (mathematics) § Notation.)

The notation |G : H| may also denote the index of a subgroup.

The notation ƒ : X → Y indicates that f is a function with domain X and codomain Y.

The combination with an equal sign (≔) is used for definitions.

In mathematical logic, when using set-builder notation for describing the characterizing property of a set, it is used as an alternative to a vertical bar (which is the ISO 31-11 standard), to mean "such that". Example:

(S is the set of all x in (the real numbers) such that x is strictly greater than 1 and strictly smaller than 3)

In older literature on mathematical logic, it is used to indicate how expressions should be bracketed (see Glossary of Principia Mathematica).

In type theory and programming language theory, the colon sign after a term is used to indicate its type, sometimes as a replacement to the "∈" symbol. Example:

.

A colon is also sometimes used to indicate a tensor contraction involving two indices, and a double colon (::) for a contraction over four indices.

A colon is also used to denote a parallel sum operation involving two operands (many authors, however, instead use a ∥ sign and a few even a ∗ for this purpose).

Computing

The character was on early typewriters and therefore appeared in most text encodings, such as Baudot code and EBCDIC. It was placed at code 58 in ASCII and from there inherited into Unicode. Unicode also defines several related characters:

Programming languages

Many programming languages, most notably ALGOL, Pascal and Ada, use a colon and equals sign := as the assignment operator, to distinguish it from a single equals = which is an equality test (C instead uses a single equals as assignment, and a double equals == as the equality test). [38] [39]

Many languages including C and Java use the colon to indicate the text before it is a label, such as a target for a goto or an introduction to a case in a switch statement. [40] : 131  [41] In a related use, Python uses a colon to separate a control statement (the clause header) from the block of statements it controls (the suite): [42] 

iftest(x):print("test(x) is true!")else:print("test(x) is not true...")

In many languages, including JavaScript, colons are used to define name–value pairs in a dictionary or object. [43] : 96–100  This is also used by data formats such as JSON. [44] Some other languages use an equals sign.

varobj={name:"Charles",age:18,}

The colon is used as part of the ?: conditional operator in C and many other languages. [40] : 90 

C++ uses a double colon as the scope resolution operator, and class member access. [45] Most other languages use a period but C++ had to use this for compatibility with C. Another language using colons for scope resolution is Erlang, which uses a single colon. [46]

In BASIC, it is used as a separator between the statements or instructions in a single line. Most other languages use a semicolon, but BASIC had used semicolon to separate items in print statements. [47]

In Forth, a colon precedes definition of a new word. [48]

Haskell uses a colon (pronounced as "cons", short for "construct") as an operator to add a data element to the front of a list: [49] 

"child":["woman","man"]-- equals ["child","woman","man"]

while a double colon :: is read as "has type of" (compare scope resolution operator): [50] 

("text",False)::([Char],Bool)

The ML languages (such as Standard ML) have the above reversed, where the double colon (::) is used to add an element to the front of a list; and the single colon (:) is used for type guards. [51] : 20, 70 

MATLAB uses the colon as a binary operator to generate a vector, or to select a part of an extant matrix.

APL uses the colon:

The colon is also used in many operating systems commands. [53]

In the esoteric programming language INTERCAL, the colon is called two-spot and used to label a 32-bit variable, distinct from spot (.) to label a 16-bit variable. [54] : 3 

Addresses

Internet URLs use the colon to separate the protocol (such as http:) from the hostname or IP address. [55]

In an IPv6 address, colons (and one optional double colon) separate up to 8 groups of 16 bits in hexadecimal representation. [56] In a URL, a colon follows the initial scheme name (such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and separates a port number from the hostname or IP address. [55]

In Microsoft Windows filenames, the colon is reserved for use in alternate data streams and cannot appear in a filename. [57] It was used as the directory separator in Classic Mac OS, and was difficult to use in early versions of the newer BSD-based macOS due to code swapping the slash and colon to try to preserve this usage. In most systems it is often difficult to put a colon in a filename as the shell interprets it for other purposes.

CP/M and early versions of MSDOS required the colon after the names of devices, such as CON: though this gradually disappeared except for disks (where it had to be between the disk name and the required path representation of the file as in C:\Windows\). This then migrated to use in URLs. [55]

Text markup

It is often used as a single post-fix delimiter, signifying a token keyword had immediately preceded it or the transition from one mode of character string interpretation to another related mode. Some applications, such as the widely used MediaWiki, utilize the colon as both a pre-fix and post-fix delimiter.

In wiki markup, the colon is often used to indent text. Common usage includes separating or marking comments in a discussion as replies, or to distinguish certain parts of a text.

MarkupRenders as
Normal text. :Indented text by the means of a colon. ::The gap increases with colon number.

Normal text.

Indented text by the means of a colon.
The gap increases with colon number.

In human-readable text messages, a colon, or multiple colons, is sometimes used to denote an action (similar to how asterisks are used)[ original research? ] or to emote (for example, in vBulletin). In the action denotation usage it has the inverse function of quotation marks, denoting actions where unmarked text is assumed to be dialogue. For example:

Tom: Pluto is so small; it should not be considered a planet. It is tiny!
Mark: Oh really? ::drops Pluto on Tom's head:: Still think it's small now?

Colons may also be used for sounds, e.g., ::click::, though sounds can also be denoted by asterisks or other punctuation marks.

Colons can also be used to represent eyes in emoticons.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The work was published anonymously and attributed to George Puttenham in reprints. [7]

Related Research Articles

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References

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  33. ↑ Compare: Mueller, Janel; Scodel, Joshua, eds. (2009). Elizabeth I: translations, 1544-1589. University of Chicago Press. p. 460. ISBN   9780226201337. In the medieval and early modern eras, [...] the colon and raised dot [...] signal a contracted word [...].
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  43. ↑ ECMA TC39 (June 2022). ECMA-262 (PDF) (13th ed.). Ecma International. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  44. ↑ T. Bray (December 2017). The JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Data Interchange Format. IETF. doi: 10.17487/RFC8259 . ISSN   2070-1721. STD 90. RFC 8259.Internet Standard 90. Obsoletes RFC  7159.
  45. ↑ "Identifiers". C++ Reference. 16 June 2022. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  46. ↑ "Erlang Reference Manual – Expressions". Erlang. Ericsson. 15 July 2022. Archived from the original on 21 July 2022. Retrieved 28 July 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ↑ "Special Characters in Code (Visual Basic)". Microsoft Docs. Microsoft. 15 September 2021. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022.
  48. ↑ "Core: Glossary". Forth Standard. Forth-Standard-Committee. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015.
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  50. ↑ Lipovača, Miran (April 2011). "Types and Typeclasses". Learn You a Haskell for Great Good!. ISBN   978-1593272838. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  51. ↑ Milner, Robin; Tofte, Mads; Harper, Robert; MacQueen, David (1997). The Definition of Standard ML (PDF) (Revised ed.). MIT Press. ISBN   0-262-63181-4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 April 2020.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Dyalog APL Language Reference Manual" (PDF). Dyalog Limited. April 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
  53. ↑ "colon – null utility". IEEE Std 1003.1-2017. The Open Group. 2018. Archived from the original on 17 October 2018.
  54. ↑ Woods, Donald R.; Lyon, James M. (1973). "INTERCAL reference manual". Archived from the original (PS) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  55. 1 2 3 T. Berners-Lee; R. Fielding; L. Masinter (January 2005). Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax. Network Working Group. doi: 10.17487/RFC3986 . STD 66. RFC 3986.Internet Standard 66. Obsoletes RFC  2732, 2396 and 1808. Updated by RFC  6874, 7320 and 8820. Updates RFC  1738.
  56. ↑ R. Hinden; S. Deering (February 2006). IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture. Network Working Group. doi: 10.17487/RFC4291 . RFC 4291.Draft Standard. Obsoletes RFC  3513. Updated by RFC  5952, 6052, 7136, 7346, 7371 and 8064.
  57. ↑ "[MS-FSCC]: 2.1.5 Pathname". Microsoft Docs. Microsoft. 24 August 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020.
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