The Chicago Manual of Style

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The Chicago Manual of Style
The Chicago Manual of Style, Seventeenth Edition.jpg
The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed. (2017)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Subject Style guide
Publisher University of Chicago Press
Publication date
1906–2017
Media typePrint
Pages1,146
ISBN 9780226287058
808/.0270973
LC Class Z253 .U69 2017
Title page of the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906) CMOS 1906 Edition.png
Title page of the first edition of the Chicago Manual of Style (1906)

The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMOS, TCM, or CMS, or sometimes as Chicago [1] ) is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 17 editions (the most recent in 2017) have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing. [2]

Contents

The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as The Chicago Manual of Style Online. [3] The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries.

Availability and uses

The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text of both the 16th and 17th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors, a citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. The Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the online content of the manual (access to the Q&A, however, is free, as are various editing tools).

Many publishers throughout the world adopt "Chicago" as their style. It is used in some social science publications, most North American historical journals, [4] and remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association , the Style Sheet for the Organization of American Historians, and corporate style guides, including the Apple Style Guide. [5]

The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and journals. It is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations also reflects Chicago style.

Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent. For instance, the 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text citation systems and/or footnotes or endnotes, including use of "content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by page number (such as MLA style) or by year of publication (like APA style); it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes a full bibliography at the end. [1]

Table of contents (17th ed.)

Citation styles

Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location.

Author-date style

Using author-date style, [lower-alpha 1] the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication with no intervening punctuation. [7]

Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016).

When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication after an interposed comma. [7]

Research has found that students do not always cite their work properly (Smith 2016, 24).

If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number). [8]

Research done by Smith found that students do not always cite their work properly (2016).

In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule is for block quotations, where the citation is placed outside the punctuation. [9]

The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material. [10] As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date following the author(s) name. [11]

Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. 2015. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." Journal of Medical Internet Research 17 (3): e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

Notes and bibliography style

Using notes and bibliography style, [lower-alpha 1] the sourced text is indicated by a superscripted note number that corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote). [12] In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name. [13] The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods. [14]

The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as a note and its bibliography entry.

1. James M. Heilman and Andrew G. West, "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language," Journal of Medical Internet Research 17, no. 3 (2015): e62, doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.
Heilman, James M., and Andrew G. West. "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." Journal of Medical Internet Research 17, no. 3 (2015): e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.

In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are:

History

What now is known as The Chicago Manual of Style was first published in 1906 under the title Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use. From its first 203-page edition, [21] the CMOS evolved into a comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition. [22] [ unreliable source ] It was one of the first editorial style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology standardization, notably citation style.[ citation needed ]

The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it was printed. [23] In 1982, with the publication of the 13th edition, it was officially retitled The Chicago Manual of Style, adopting the informal name already in widespread use. [23]

More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include a chapter on American English grammar and use, [24] and a revised treatment of mathematical copy. [25]

In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the first time in the manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). The 16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as Unicode characters and URLs)". [22] It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based content and e-books. An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified the process of electronic workflow and offered a primer on the use of XML markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with electronic and print publishing. The Chicago system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address the many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use of DOIs to citing social networking sites. Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters.

In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the University of Deusto in Bilbao, Spain. [26]

In April 2016, the publisher released The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation, Bryan A. Garner's expansion of his Chicago Manual of Style chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of the new edition of Garner's Modern American Usage.

The 17th edition was published in September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting the latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and the long-standing recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing.

Recent printed editions

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. 1 2 As used with periodical/journal articles.

Related Research Articles

In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. They are also sometimes used to emphasise a word or phrase, although this is usually considered incorrect.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citation</span> Reference to a source

A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears.

In writing, a space is a blank area that separates words, sentences, syllables and other written or printed glyphs (characters). Conventions for spacing vary among languages, and in some languages the spacing rules are complex. Inter-word spaces ease the reader's task of identifying words, and avoid outright ambiguities such as "now here" vs. "nowhere". They also provide convenient guides for where a human or program may start new lines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibid.</span> Latin footnote or endnote term referring to the previous source

Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning "in the same place", commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item. This is similar to Idem, literally meaning "the same", abbreviated id., which is commonly used in legal citation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliography</span> Organized listing of books and the systematic description of them as objects

Bibliography, as a discipline, is traditionally the academic study of books as physical, cultural objects; in this sense, it is also known as bibliology. English author and bibliographer John Carter describes bibliography as a word having two senses: one, a list of books for further study or of works consulted by an author ; the other one, applicable for collectors, is "the study of books as physical objects" and "the systematic description of books as objects".

A note is a string of text placed at the bottom of a page in a book or document or at the end of a chapter, volume, or the whole text. The note can provide an author's comments on the main text or citations of a reference work in support of the text.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">APA style</span> Academic style and writing format

APA style is a writing style and format for academic documents such as scholarly journal articles and books. It is commonly used for citing sources within the field of behavioral and social sciences, including sociology, education, nursing, criminal justice, and anthropology, as well as psychology. It is described in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), which is titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. The guidelines were developed to aid reading comprehension in the social and behavioral sciences, for clarity of communication, and for "word choice that best reduces bias in language". APA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other scientific journals, in many textbooks, and in academia. The current edition is its seventh revision.

In English-language punctuation, a serial comma is a comma placed immediately after the penultimate term in a series of three or more terms. For example, a list of three countries might be punctuated as either "France, Italy and Spain" or "France, Italy, and Spain".

The International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD) is a set of rules produced by the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) to create a bibliographic description in a standard, human-readable form, especially for use in a bibliography or a library catalog. A preliminary consolidated edition of the ISBD was published in 2007 and the consolidated edition was published in 2011, superseding earlier separate ISBDs for monographs, older monographic publications, cartographic materials, serials and other continuing resources, electronic resources, non-book materials, and printed music. In 2022, IFLA published the 2021 update to the 2011 consolidated edition, which includes expanding ISBD to include unpublished resources, integrating stipulations for the application of ISBD to the description of component parts, clarifying cartographic resources stipulations, as well as added examples and updates to the Areas and glossary sections. IFLA's ISBD Review Group is responsible for maintaining the ISBD.

Parenthetical referencing is a citation system in which in-text citations are made using parentheses. They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations". Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of footnote citations.

ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers in the field of sociology. It specifies the arrangement and punctuation of footnotes and bibliographies. Standards for ASA style are specified in the ASA Style Guide, which is published by the American Sociological Association, the main scholarly organization for academic sociologists in the United States. The ASA Style Guide, published by the American Sociological Association, is designed to aid authors preparing manuscripts for ASA journals and publications.

Sentence spacing concerns how spaces are inserted between sentences in typeset text and is a matter of typographical convention. Since the introduction of movable-type printing in Europe, various sentence spacing conventions have been used in languages with a Latin alphabet. These include a normal word space, a single enlarged space, and two full spaces.

The Vancouver system, also known as Vancouver reference style or the author–number system, is a citation style that uses numbers within the text that refer to numbered entries in the reference list. It is popular in the physical sciences and is one of two referencing systems normally used in medicine, the other being the author–date, or "Harvard", system. Vancouver style is used by MEDLINE and PubMed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bryan A. Garner</span> American lawyer, lexicographer, and teacher (born 1958)

Bryan Andrew Garner is an American legal scholar and lexicographer. He has written more than two dozen books about English usage and style such as Garner's Modern English Usage for a general audience, and others for legal professionals. Garner also wrote two books with Justice Antonin Scalia: Making Your Case: The Art of Persuading Judges (2008) and Reading Law: The Interpretation of Legal Texts (2012). He is the founder and president of LawProse Inc.

The full stop, period, or full point. is a punctuation mark used for several purposes, most often to mark the end of a declarative sentence.

<i>A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</i> Style guide for writing

A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is a style guide for writing and formatting research papers, theses, and dissertations and is published by the University of Chicago Press.

Sentence spacing guidance is provided in many language and style guides. The majority of style guides that use a Latin-derived alphabet as a language base now prescribe or recommend the use of a single space after the concluding punctuation of a sentence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMA Manual of Style</span> Academic style and writing format

AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors is the style guide of the American Medical Association. It is written by the editors of JAMA and the JAMA Network journals and is most recently published by Oxford University Press. It specifies the writing, editing, and citation styles for use in the journals published by the American Medical Association.

References

  1. 1 2 "Why Are there Different Citation Styles?". Center for Teaching and Learning. Yale University. June 25, 2015. Retrieved August 7, 2018.
  2. Claire, T. R. (2017). "Bryan A. Garner: The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation". Publishing Research Quarterly. 33 (3): 345–347. doi:10.1007/s12109-017-9531-6. S2CID   148846427 via Springer.
  3. "The Chicago Manual of Style". The Chicago Manual of Style Online (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press . Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  4. Pollak, Oliver B. (June 11, 2007). "The Decline and Fall of Bottom Notes, op. cit., loc. cit., and a Century of the Chicago Manual of Style". Journal of Scholarly Publishing. 38: 20–21. doi:10.3138/jsp.38.1.14.
  5. "About the guide". Apple Style Guide. Apple Inc. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
  6. The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  7. 1 2 "15: Author-Date References". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Text citations—basic form. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  8. "15: Author-Date References". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 5: The author-date system—overview. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  9. "15: Author-Date References". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 25: Text citations in relation to surrounding text and punctuation. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  10. The Chicago Manual of Style: Chapter 15: Author-Date Reference (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 6: Basic structure of a reference list entry. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  11. "15: Author-Date References". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 14: Placement of dates in reference list entries. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  12. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 20: Basic structure of a note. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  13. 1 2 "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 21: Basic structure of a bibliography entry. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  14. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 167: Basic structure of a periodical citation. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  15. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 169: Journal article—title. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  16. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 170: Title of journal. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  17. 1 2 3 "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 171: Journal volume, issue, and date. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  18. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 22: Page numbers and other locators. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  19. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 174: Journal page references. ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  20. "14: Notes and Bibliography". The Chicago Manual of Style (17th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 2017. Section 8: Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs). ISBN   9780226287058. LCCN   2017020712. OCLC   1055308068.
  21. Manual of style, being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of types in use. University of Chicago Press. November 1906. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t75t3q405. OCLC   681493869.
  22. 1 2 Spencer, Dave (February 15, 2011). "Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Edition". glyphic.design. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  23. 1 2 "The History of The Chicago Manual of Style". The Chicago Manual of Style Online. University of Chicago Press. 2010. Archived from the original on February 14, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2011.
  24. Pullum, Geoffrey K. (February 2, 2005). "The Chicago Manual of Style — And Grammar". Language Log. Retrieved March 14, 2020.
  25. "What's New in the Fifteenth Edition of The Chicago Manual of Style". The Chicago Manual of Style. University of Chicago Press. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009.
  26. "Manual de estilo Chicago-Deusto". Publicaciones. University of Deusto.