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In English writing, quotation marks or inverted commas, also known informally as quotes, talking marks, speech marks, quote marks, quotemarks or speechmarks, are punctuation marks placed on either side of a word or phrase in order to identify it as a quotation, direct speech or a literal title or name. Quotation marks may be used to indicate that the meaning of the word or phrase they surround should be taken to be different from that typically associated with it, and are often used in this way to express irony. They are also sometimes used to emphasise a word or phrase, although this is usually considered incorrect.
The Chicago Manual of Style is a style guide for American English published since 1906 by the University of Chicago Press. Its 17 editions have prescribed writing and citation styles widely used in publishing.
Copy editing is the process of revising written material ("copy") to improve readability and fitness, as well as ensuring that a text is free of grammatical and factual errors. The Chicago Manual of Style states that manuscript editing encompasses "simple mechanical corrections through sentence-level interventions to substantial remedial work on literary style and clarity, disorganized passages, baggy prose, muddled tables and figures, and the like ". In the context of print publication, copy editing is done before typesetting and again before proofreading. Outside traditional book and journal publishing, the term "copy editing" is used more broadly, and is sometimes referred to as proofreading; the term sometimes encompasses additional tasks.
A technical writer is a professional information communicator whose task is to transfer information between two or more parties, through any medium that best facilitates the transfer and comprehension of the information. Technical writers research and create information through a variety of delivery media. Example types of information include online help, manuals, white papers, design specifications, project plans, and software test plans. With the rise of e-learning, technical writers are increasingly becoming involved with creating online training material.
In English-language punctuation, a serial comma is a comma placed immediately after the penultimate term in a series of three or more terms. For example, a list of three countries might be punctuated as either "France, Italy and Spain" or "France, Italy, and Spain".
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Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press, Oxford is a reference book and style guide published in England by Oxford University Press (OUP). Hart's Rules originated as a compilation of best practices and standards by English printer and biographer Horace Hart over almost three decades during his employment at other printing establishments, but they were first printed as a single broadsheet page for in-house use by the OUP in 1893 while Hart's job was controller of the university press. They were originally intended as a concise style guide for the staff of the OUP, but they developed continuously over the years, were published in 1904, and soon gained wider use as a source for authoritative instructions on typesetting style, grammar, punctuation, and usage.
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Scientific writing is writing about science, with an implication that the writing is by scientists and for an audience that primarily includes peers—those with sufficient expertise to follow in detail. Scientific writing is a specialized form of technical writing, and a prominent genre of it involves reporting about scientific studies such as in articles for a scientific journal. Other scientific writing genres include writing literature-review articles, which summarize the existing state of a given aspect of a scientific field, and writing grant proposals, which are a common means of obtaining funding to support scientific research. Scientific writing is more likely to focus on the pure sciences compared to other aspects of technical communication that are more applied, although there is overlap. There is not one specific style for citations and references in scientific writing. Whether you are submitting a grant proposal, literature review articles, or submitting an article into a paper, the citation system that must be used will depend on the publication you plan to submit to.
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References
- ↑ "ISO 215:1986 – Documentation – Presentation of contributions to periodicals and other serials". ISO.org }publisher=International Organization for Standardization.
- ↑ "Council of Europe English Style Guide PDF" (PDF). European Centre for Modern Languages of the Council of Europe. 20 October 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2023.
- ↑ "English resources: English Style Guide". European Commission. April 2023. Archived from the original on 22 December 2016.
- ↑ "Publications Office — Interinstitutional style guide — Home". Publications.Europa.eu.
- ↑ "BBC News style guide". BBC Academy.
- ↑ "Style Guide | the Economist". The Economist . Archived from the original on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
- ↑ "Guardian and Observer style guide: A". Theguardian.com. 23 December 2015.
- ↑ "Acorn Publications Open Style Guide" (PDF). RISC OS Open. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
- ↑ "RISC OS Open: Style Guide". RISC OS Open.
- ↑ Favilla, Emmy; Paolone, Megan (8 March 2023). "BuzzFeed Style Guide". BuzzFeed.com.
- ↑ Barr, Chris (2010). The Yahoo! Style Guide. Yahoo! Inc. ISBN 9780312569846.
- ↑ Cunningham, Helen; Greene, Brenda (2013). The Business Style Handbook: An A-to-Z Guide for Effective Writing on the Job (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780071800105.
- ↑ Apple Inc. (July 2020). "Apple Style Guide".
- ↑ "Apple Style Guide" (PDF). April 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2015.
- ↑ Digital Ocean. "DigitalOcean documentation style guide". Docs.DigitalOcean.com.
- ↑ GNOME. "GNOME documentation style guide".
- ↑ "Google developer documentation style guide". Google.
- ↑ DeRespinis, Francis (2011). The IBM Style Guide: Conventions for Writers and Editors. IBM Press. ISBN 9780132101301.
- ↑ Carey, Michelle (2014). Developing Quality Technical Information: A Handbook for Writers and Editors (3rd ed.). IBM Press. ISBN 9780133119008.
- ↑ Mailchimp. "Mailchimp content style guide".
- ↑ "Microsoft Writing Style Guide". Microsoft.
- ↑ MongoDB. "MongoDB documentation style guide".
- ↑ Mozilla. "Mozilla Writing Style Guide".
- ↑ Rackspace. "Rackspace style guide for technical content".
- ↑ Sun Technical Publications (2010). Read me first!: A style guide for the computer industry (3rd ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 9780137058266.
- ↑ "Red Hat Style Guide". Stylepedia.net. Red Hat.
- ↑ "Salesforce style guide for documentation and user interface text". Salesforce.
- ↑ "Welcome to the Splunk Style Guide - Splunk Documentation". Docs.Splunk.com. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ↑ SUSE. "SUSE documentation style guide".
- ↑ "Shaw Communications". Members.Shaw.ca.
- ↑ "Scientific Style and Format Online". Scientific Style and Format Online. Council of Science Editors / Chicago University Press.
- ↑ Yin, Karen. "Conscious Language + Design". Conscious Style Guide. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ↑ "GLAAD Media Reference Guide". GLAAD.org (10th ed.). 25 August 2011.
- ↑ "AAE Style Guide NEW". 7 March 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2015.
