Terengganu Malay

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Terengganu Malay
Base Tranung
Bahasa Melayu Terengganu
بهاس ترڠݢانو
Native to Malaysia
Region Terengganu, Mersing and Tanjung Sedili (Johor), Kuantan (Pahang)
Ethnicity Terengganuan Malay
Native speakers
1.1 million (2010)[ citation needed ]
DialectsCoastal Terengganu
Inland Terengganu
Latin script, Arabic Script (Jawi)
Language codes
ISO 639-3
zlm-coa (coastal)
  zlm-inl (inland)
Glottolog tere1283
Linguasphere 33-AFA-ca
Distribution of Terengganu language.jpg
   Areas where Coastal Terengganu Malay is the majority language
   Areas where Inland Terengganu Malay is the majority language
   Areas where Terengganu Malay is a minority language

Terengganu Malay (Malay : Bahasa Melayu Terengganu; Terengganu Malay: Bahse Tranung/Ganu) is a Malayic language spoken in the Malaysian state of Terengganu all the way southward to coastal Pahang and northeast Johor. It is the native language of Terengganu Malays and highly localized Chinese Peranakan (locally known as "Mek and Awang") community as well as a second language among the smaller Indian minority.

Contents

The language has developed distinct phonetic, syntactic and lexical distinctions which makes it mutually unintelligible for speakers from outside the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, especially those who speak Standard Malay/Malaysian. [1] [2] Terengganu Malay still shares close linguistic ties with neighboring Kelantan and Pahang of which it forms under the umbrella term of "East Coast Peninsular Malayic languages" but maintain its own features distinct from both Pahang and Kelantan-Patani. [3] [4]

Terengganu Malay also coexists with two closely related Malayic varieties. In the districts of Besut and northern part of Setiu, the majority of the population speak a variant of Kelantan-Pattani Malay, but in recent years many people from southern Terengganu started to migrate into these two districts and both variants now coexist with each other. [5] In the inland mukim of Pasir Raja, Dungun, several villages still speak a variant of Ulu Tembeling dialect of Pahang Malay, locally known as Pasir Raja dialect. [6]

Terengganu Malay is considered to be the most recognisable identity of the state. This can be seen in many local television dramas, movies, songs, poems and religious sermons [7] which emphasize the usage of Terengganu Malay. [8] Radio stations in Terengganu whether public (Terengganu FM) or privately owned (Hot FM and Molek FM) mainly use Terengganu Malay in its broadcast alongside standard Malaysian. Recent years show an increase of awareness of the uniqueness of Terengganu Malay, such as the increasing use of Terengganu Malay in shop signs and recently the publication of a Hulu Terengganu Malay dictionary. [9]

Names

The people of Terengganu refer[ clarification needed ] to their language as base/bahse Tranung/Tghanung (/bahsətɣanuŋ/) which means 'the language of Terengganu' or cakak Tranung (/tʃakaʔtɣanuŋ/) which means 'Terengganu speech'. In Standard Malay, it is known as bahasa Terengganu or bahasa Melayu Terengganu. Besides Tranung, Tranu, Ganung, Teganung, Teganu and Ganu are also used with the latter (Ganu) being used as an exonym by people outside of Terengganu when referring to Terengganu.

Distribution

Terengganu Malay is natively spoken in most parts of Terengganu other than Besut and the northern part of Setiu. Besides Terengganu, it is also spoken in coastal Pahang, from Cherating near the border with Kemaman district to as far south as Mersing district in the state of Johor. [7] A variety spoken in the village of Tanjung Sedili in the district of Kota Tinggi is said to be a mixture of Terengganuan, Johorean and several other Malay varieties, reflecting the historical demographics of the area, which once received Malay migrants from Terengganu.

Dialects

Terengganu Malay has two major dialects: Coastal (zlm-coa) and Inland (zlm-inl) and each of these two dialects has several regional differences depending on districts or villages. The dialect spoken in Kuala Terengganu district is the de facto standard dialect of Terengganu Malay. [2] The major differences between Coastal (known as Pata) and Inland (known as Ulu) dialects is the pronunciation of the letter "e" of which Coastal Terengganu speakers tend to pronounce it as a schwa while Inland Terengganu speakers pronounce it with strong "e" (as in red).

People in the northernmost regions of Terengganu, specifically in the district of Besut and several parts of Setiu do not speak Terengganu Malay, but instead uses Kelantan-Pattani Malay. [10] [11] The dialects spoken in Dungun, Marang and Kemaman as well as outside of Terengganu such as in Pahang (Kuantan, Pekan and Rompin) and Johor (Mersing) does not have significant differences than those in Kuala Terengganu and is classified as part of the Coastal dialect. The residents of Tanjung Sedili which is a small coastal village in Kota Tinggi, Johor spoke a dialect that is a mixture of Johorean and Terengganuan as the residents there are mostly of Terengganu Malay ancestry.

In Pasir Raja which is a mukim located in the interior parts of Dungun, majority of the Malays there spoke a variant of Pahang Malay specifically the Ulu Tembeling dialect instead of Terengganuan. It is because the majority of the people in those areas are descendants of Pahang migrants that migrated into Dungun more than a hundred years ago. Today both varieties (Pahang Malay and Terengganu Malay) coexists in Pasir Raja and the residents can fluently speak both of those varieties.

Based on 2013 research, the division of Terengganu Malay are as follows [12]

Comparison between Coastal and Inland dialects

Inland TerengganuCoastal TerengganuEnglish
Ughaong/UghangOghangPeople
KuboKubaBuffalo
BalaikBalékLeave
TubaikTubékOut
DimiDémeYou
MumeMungYou
BayakKaboTell
AyoLebongLie

Literature

Ustaz Azhar Idrus, a popular religious preacher in Terengganu is often known for his use of Terengganuan during his sermons Azhar Idrus at Masjid Mukim Kok Lanas 2.0.jpg
Ustaz Azhar Idrus, a popular religious preacher in Terengganu is often known for his use of Terengganuan during his sermons

Although essentially a spoken language with no standard orthography, Terengganu Malay is widely used in folk songs, poems, and also in mainstream and local media (such as local radio stations, dramas and movies). Ibrahim Taib, a famous Terengganu poet was known for his usage of Inland Terengganu dialect in his poems such as "Mok, Aku Nok Tubaik" ('Mom, I want to get out') and "Jadilah Awang" ('Enough Awang').

Music

Terengganu has a rich history of folk songs sung mostly in Terengganu Malay, among those are Anok Udang, Anok Burung Baniong, Ulek Mayang and Watimang Landok.

Besides traditional folk songs, Terengganu Malay has also made way into modern contemporary songs especially singers or bands who were born and raised in Terengganu. Among the most well known was the song "Blues Tranung/Ganu Kite" by a famous Malaysian band Iklim. It was a hit song not just in Terengganu but also across Malaysia in the 90s and 2000s. "Dondang Dendang", a 1999 song composed by Suhaimi Mohd Zain and recorded by traditional singers Noraniza Idris and Siti Nurhaliza, contains an old Terengganuan Malay poem in the bridge based on the traditional Terengganu dance called Rodat. Another band called Spring also recorded a song sung in Terengganuan, called "Hati Mahu Baik".

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant inventory of Terengganu Malay [13]

Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Stops p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Fricatives s x ɣ h
Nasals m n ɲ ŋ
Affricates ɟʝ
Liquids l
Glides w j

Vowel Inventory

Front Central Back
High i ĩ u ũ
Mid-High e o
Mid-Low ɛ ɛ̃ ə ɔ ɔ̃
Low a ã

Pronunciation

/a/ followed by a nasal consonant changes to /ŋ/: ayamايم ('chicken') becomes ayang; makanماكن ('to eat') becomes makang

/a/ at the end of syllables changes to /ɔʔ/: mintaمينتا ('to ask') becomes mitok

/ah/ changes to /ɔh/: rumahرومه ('house') becomes rumoh

/a/ changes to /ə/: sayaساي ('I') becomes saye

/i/ changes to /iŋ/: siniسيني ('here') becomes sining

/ua/ changes to /ɔ/: buayaبوايا ('crocodile') becomes boye

/aj/ becomes /aː/: sungaiسوڠاي ('river') becomes sunga

/aw/ becomes /a/: pisauڤيساو ('knife') changes to pisa

/ia/ before a nasal vowel changes to /ijaŋ/: siamسيام ('Siam') becomes siyang

/ia/ changes to /ɛ/: biasaبياسا ('once') becomes bese

/s/ and /f/ at the end of syllables changes to /h/: malasمالس ('lazy') changes to malah

/m/ and /n/ at the end of syllables changes to /ŋ/: hakimحاكيم ('judge') changes to hakeng

/r/ changes to /ɣ/: orangاورڠ ('person') becomes oghang

Final consonants are often only pronounced as a glottal stop. bukitبوكيت ('hill') becomes buke’ ([bukiʔ])

Words are distinguished by lengthened initial consonant.

Final /l/ is silent. Example: tinggal ('left') becomes tingga; tebal ('thick') becomes teba.

Usually /l/ as in /lah/ is removed and becomes /ah/. Example: Banyaklah ('so many') becomes banyok ah.

Bulang ('moon') vs. bːulang ('many months'); katok ('to strike') vs. kːatok ('frog'); siku ('elbow') vs. sːiku ('hand tool')

Vocabulary

Several comparisons between Standard Malay and Terengganu Malay with English translations:

Pronouns
Terengganu MalayStandard MalayEnglish Translation
Mung/Awok/Demə/Dimɛ/Mikɛ/UningAwak/Kamu/Kau'You' (singular)
Awokmung/SekmungKalian'You' (plural)
Ambə/Ambɛ/AkuSaya/Aku'I'
Sek yə/Awok yə/Demə/DimɛMereka'They'
Ye/Nye/DieDia'He/She'
Kitə/Kitɛ/KamingKami'We' (exclusive)
Question Words
Terengganu MalayStandard MalayEnglish Translation
Sape/PpiyeSiapa/Siapakah'Who'
Mende/Nde/Nape/Ape/GapeApa/Apakah'What'
BileBila/Bilakah'When'
Wane/GuaneBagaimana/Bagaimanakah'How'
Mane/AneMana'Where'
BakpeMengapa'How'
Bape/BghapeBerapa'How Much'
Basic Words
Terengganu MalayStandard MalayEnglish
Brehi/Brahi/WahiSukaLike/interest
Suke/GelekekKetawaLaugh
Ghetek/Etek/Jugok(often shortened to just gok)JugaAlso
GokKandangCage
HokYangConjunction, similar to 'which'.
Kabo/RoyakBeritahuTo tell
Tak Mboh/AmbohTidak mahuDo not want
Tido/JeretohTidurSleep
Babey/Gong/Kerah KengDegilStubborn
SokmoSelaluAlways
Pitih/Yya/GhiyaDuit/WangMoney
DokTidakNo
Ho/YeYaYes
GhetokJambatanBridge
BekengGarangPugnacious
Ape Kabo/Guane GamokApa Khabar?How are you?
Tagak/IgakTangkapCatch
Nyenyeh/NganjingEjekInsulting
MmusangPanas BaranHot-tempered
GhalikLekaPreoccupied
Dok ghokLetihTired
Supik/JabirKantung PlastikPlastic bag
SaingKawanFriend
DangSempatMake it
Nellang/TebengBeraniBrave
KeghekKerapMany times
BangAzan Adhan (Islamic call to prayer)
Doksoh/Soh BengJanganDo not
KupikKedekutStingy
LokBiarLet
Ce/TraCubaTry
LeningSekarangToday
TubekKeluarOut
Ping/PengAis/EsIce (refers to ice cubes in water)
Letok/SkungLetakPut
TohokBuangThrow away
Khabak/KabakPanjatClimb
Lepo/Plekong/PetongLemparThrow
SapaSampaiArrive
KekgiNantiLater
Doktong, Liwo-liwoBerjalan-jalan, Bersiar-siarStroll, trip, travel
CendéngGagalFail
Intensifier
Standard MalayTerengganu MalayEnglish
Sangat PutihPuteh Lepuk/SepukVery white
Sangat HitamItang Beletung/BelegangVery dark
Sangat MerahMeroh Nyale/MerangVery red
Sangat KuningKuning SioVery yellow
Sangat BusukBusuk Kohong/Bango/HapokVery smelly
Sangat HancingHacing PeringVery stenchy
Sangat HanyirHanyey MekokVery fishy
Sangat WangiWangi MekokVery fragrant
Sangat TengikTengik BangoVery rancid
Sangat MasinMasing Pekok/RebingVery salty
Sangat ManisManih LettingVery sweet
Sangat TawarTawo HebeVery tasteless
Sangat PahitPahik LepangVery bitter
Sangat MasamMasang RebangVery sour
Numerals
Standard MalayTerengganu MalayEnglish
SatuSeOne
DuaDuweTwo
TigaTigeThree
EmpatPakFour
LimaLimeFive
EnamNangSix
TujuhTujohSeven
LapanLapangEight
SembilanSmilang/MmilangNine
SepuluhSpuloh/PpulohTen
SeratusSratohOne hundred
SeribuSribuOne thousand
SejutaSjutaOne million
Animals
Standard MalayTerengganu MalayEnglish
AyamAyangChicken
BuayaBoyeCrocodile
Obor-OborApa-ApaJellyfish
Ikan TongkolIkang Aye Euthynnus affinis
Ikan CencaruIkang Kerah Ekor Torpedo scad
Ikan PelagaIkang Sekila/Skila Fighting fish
Labah-labahLlabeSpider
LintahLitohSlug
Biawak AirBewok Riang Asian Water Monitor Lizard
KerbauKuba/Kubo (in Inland Terengganu)Buffalo
KumbangKkaboBeetle
Semut MerahSemuk GataFire ant
UlarUloSnake
HarimauRimaTiger
SingaSingeLion
LipasLipahCockroach
GajahGhajohElephant
Burung HelangBurong SiwohEagle
BiawakBewokMonitor lizard
TupaiTupaSquirrel
KatakKatok (not to be mistaken with a Terengganuan homonym, which means 'to strike')Frog
KelekatuKatuTermite alates
Anai-AnaiAna-AnaTermite
SotongSutongSquid
Kura-kuraKureTortoise/Turtle

Notable Terengganuan phrases

Starang baroh means 'really', a popular phrase used to show or express something that is really serious or true.

Example: Ambe dok tau starang baroh, as opposed to Standard Malay or West coast Malay dialects: Saya memang tak tahu langsung.

Another famous Terengganuan Malay phrase is Senyung sokmo which means Senyum selalu in standard Malay and 'Smile always' in English. It is widely used by Terengganu people to wish other people well and to brighten their days.

Dokrok cettong denotes two situations whereby one is totally exhausted or someone who is very weak.[ clarification needed ]

Sample text

Terengganu Malay:

Budok-budok lening koho dok kena makanang tradisi, sohbeng kate kuey, nasik pong ttuko bimbo lagi, nok wak guane makanang lening modeng blake, oghang mude tak mboh belajo duk ngarak ke oghang tue sokmo.

Malaysian:

Budak-budak sekarang semakin tak kenal makanan tradisi, jangan kata kuih, nasi pun masih tertukar lagi, nak buat macam mana makanan sekarang semua moden, orang muda tak nak belajar selalu mengharap ke orang-orang tua.

English

'Kids today don't know about traditional foods, it's not just traditional cakes, even the rice as well, what can we do all foods these days are modern, younger generations don't want to learn always rely on old people.'

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dungun District</span> District of Malaysia in East Coast

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</span> Austronesian language

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kemaman District</span> District in Terengganu, Malaysia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Besut District</span> District of Malaysia in Terengganu

Besut is a district in the Terengganu federal state of Malaysia. It is bordered by the state of Kelantan to the north and west and the South China Sea to the east. It is the northern gateway to Terengganu. Kampung Raja is the district capital, though Jerteh is more developed. Another major town is the fishing port of Kuala Besut. There are other small towns and villages such as Jabi, Apal, Pasir Akar and Tembila.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Setiu District</span> District of Malaysia in Terengganu

Setiu is one of the districts in Terengganu, Malaysia. This district is bordered by Besut to the north, Hulu Terengganu to the south, and on the east, Kuala Nerus District.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Terengganuan Malays</span> Ethnic group

Terengganu Malays, are a Malay ethnic group native to the state of Terengganu, on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Besides Terengganu, they can also be found in the neighbouring states of Pahang and Johor. The descendants of Terengganu Malays can also be found in the Anambas Islands in Indonesia. As of 2010, it is estimated that the population of Terengganuan Malays is around 1.1 million people, and they form 94% of Terengganu's population, making them the dominant ethnic group in the state.

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The Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman was a historical Malay Kingdom located in the northeastern coast of the Malay Peninsula, precursor of the present-day Besut District and most of Setiu, Terengganu. A principality of Terengganu, the state was established in 1780 following the crowning of a Terengganuan prince, Tengku Kadir as the Raja Palembang Besut. The House of Palembang, a cadet branch of Terengganu nobility continued to rule the territory before it was unified with Terengganu in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerantut (town)</span> Town in Pahang, Malaysia

Jerantut is a town in Jerantut District, Pahang, Malaysia. It is the largest district in the State of Pahang. It covers an area of 2,900 square miles. Bordered by the States of Kelantan and Terengganu in the North, Temerloh and Maran districts in the South, Kuala Lipis and Raub districts in the West and Kuantan district and Terengganu state in the East. It has 10 mukims consisting of 295 villages administered under 58 JKKK. Jerantut District Council was gazetted on 18 February 1982. Jerantut District Council, formerly known as Jerantut Town Board is the local authority of Jerantut town.

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Further reading