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The Minahasan languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Minahasa people in northern Sulawesi. These languages are distinct from the Manado Malay language.
The Tomini–Tolitoli languages are a disputed subgroup in the Austronesian language family spoken off the Gulf of Tomini and the district of Tolitoli in northern Central Sulawesi province, Indonesia, consisting of two branches, viz. "Tomini" and "Tolitoli". The unity of this group has not yet been demonstrated, and it may well be that the two branches actually are not closer to each other than to other languages of Sulawesi.
On the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, 114 native languages are spoken, all of which belong to the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. With a total number of 17,200,000 inhabitants, Sulawesi displays a high linguistic diversity when compared with the most densely populated Indonesian island Java, which hosts 4–8 languages spoken by 145,100,000 inhabitants.
Enrekang is an Austronesian language spoken on Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup, and is closely related to Duri and Maiwa.
Duri is an Austronesian language of Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is the prestige variety of the Massenrempulu languages.
Bambam is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is spoken in the Mambi and Tabang districts of Mamasa Regency, and in the Matangnga district of Polewali Mandar Regency. Together with Aralle-Tabulahan, Ulumanda', Pannei and Dakka, Bambam belongs to the Pitu Ulunna Salu languages, which form a subbranch within the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup.
Mamasa is an Austronesian language of Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Highland Konjo is an Austronesian language of Sulawesi, Indonesia, which belongs to the Makassaric branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup. It is spoken in the interior parts of Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, and Sinjai regencies of South Sulawesi province, in the area to the northwest of Mount Lompobatang. It is closely related to, but distinct from Coastal Konjo, which also belongs to the Makassaric languages.
Napu is an Austronesian language spoken in the North Lore district of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Together with Bada and Behoa, it belongs to the Badaic subgroup.
Maiwa is an Austronesian language spoken by around 50,000 people in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup, and is closely related to Duri, Enrekang and Malimpung.
Malimpung is a language spoken by around 5,000 people in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It belongs to the Northern branch of the South Sulawesi subgroup, and is closely related to Duri, Enrekang and Maiwa.
Boano is a Sulawesi language of the Austronesian family.
Dampelas (Dampal) is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is the main language of Dampelas District (kecamatan).
Tomini proper, or Tialo, is an Austronesian language of the Celebic branch spoken in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Tialo speakers live along the coast of the Tomini Bay between Tingkulang (Tomini) and Moutong.
Tajio (Ajio), or Kasimbar, is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia.
Taje (Aje), or Petapa (Tapa), is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia. Taje is a minority language with a small population of speakers, and is spoken in the Tanampedagi and Petapa villages in Central Sulawesi.
Pendau, or Umalasa, is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia spoken by the approximately 4000 Pendau people who live in Central Sulawesi. Classified as an endangered language, Pendau is primarily spoken inside of Pendau villages whereas Indonesian is used to speak with neighboring communities and is the language of children's education and outside officials. The highest concentration of speakers is in and around Kecamatan Balaesang. There are no known dialects within the Pendau region, although speakers from the mainland can identify whether a speaker is from the Balaesang peninsula through their 'rhythm' or intonation pattern. In recent years, some Pendau leaders have worked with local government to preserve their language alongside Indonesian.
Dondo is a Celebic language of Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is not clear how distinct it is from Tomini. It is spoken along the western coast of the "neck" of Sulawesi.
Sarudu is an Austronesian language of West Sulawesi, Indonesia. It is closely related to Uma.
Aralle-Tabulahan is an Austronesian language that belongs to the South Sulawesi subgroup. It is spoken in Mamasa Regency, West Sulawesi, Indonesia.
References
- ↑ Balaesang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- 1 2 Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. Sourcebook on Tomini-Tolitoli languages: General information and word lists. Pacific Linguistics. 511. Canberra: The Australian National University. doi:10.15144/PL-511.
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