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The word Haklau (學佬Ha̍k-láu,also written as 福佬) is the Southern Min pronunciation of Hoklo,originally a Hakka exonym for the Southern Min speakers,including Hoklo and Teochew people. Although originally it was perceived as a derogatory term,the Southern Min speakers in Shanwei self-identify as Haklau and distinguish themselves from Teochew people and Hokkien people. Overseas Hai Lok Hong people still do not like this appellation.[8]
Historically,the Hai Lok Hong region was not a part of Teochew prefecture (潮州府,the region currently known as Teo-Swa or Chaoshan),but was included in the primarily Hakka-speaking Huizhou prefecture (惠州府). Modern Huizhou city (particularly the Huidong County) also has a Haklau-speaking minority.
The word Hai Lok Hong (海陸豐Hái-lio̍k-hong) is a portmanteau of Hai Hong (海豐,Mandarin Haifeng) and Lok Hong (陸豐,Mandarin Lufeng),where it is mainly spoken. The character 陸 has multiple pronunciations in Southern Min:the reading le̍k is vernacular,it is common in Teochew,but rarely used in Hokkien and Haklau itself;the reading lio̍k (Hokkien,Haklau) or lo̍k (Teochew) is literary and commonly used in Hokkien and Haklau,but not Teochew,yet its Teochew rendering is the source of English Hai Lok Hong.
Classification
The Language Atlas of China classifies Hai Lok Hong as part of Teochew.[9] Other classifications pinpoint the phonological features of Hai Lok Hong that are not found in Teochew,but instead are typical for Chiangchew Hokkien. These features include:[10]
the final /-i/ in characters like 魚hî 'fish',語gí 'language',and the final /-u/ in 自chū 'self',事sū 'matter',as in Chiangchew Hokkien. Northern Teochew has /-ɯ/ in these words,while Southern Teochew (the Teoyeo dialect) has them with /-u/.
the final /-uĩ/ in words like 門mûi 'door;gate',光kuiⁿ 'light'. Teochew has them with /-ɯŋ/ or /-uŋ/.
the finals /-e/ (坐chě 'to sit',短té 'short'),/-eʔ/ (節cheh 'festival',截che̍h 'to cut') and /-ei/ (雞kei 'chicken',街kei 'street'),as in rural southern dialects of Hokkien (such as Zhangpu,Yunxiao,or Chawan),corresponding to Teochew /-o/,/-oiʔ/ and /-oi/. Conservative Northern Hokkien dialects have these words with /-ə/,/-əeʔ/,and /-əe/ respectively.
the preservation of the codas /-n/ and /-t/ (as in 民mîn 'people;nation' and 骨kut 'bone'),which are merged with /-ŋ/ and /-k/ in most dialects of Teochew.
Still,Hai Lok Hong also has features typical for Teochew,but not Hokkien,such as:
the preservation of 8 tones,pronounced similarly to Northern Teochew. Most dialects of Hokkien only have 7 citation tones.
the final /-uaŋ/ in 況khuàng 'situation',亡buâng 'to perish',which has merged with /-oŋ/ in Hokkien.
less extensive denasalization:Hai Lok Hong and Teochew differentiate between 逆nge̍k 'to go against' and 玉ge̍k 'jade',or 宜ngî 'suitable' and 疑gî 'doubt',while in Hokkien,these pairs are merged (ge̍k and gî respectively).
Lexically,Hai Lok Hong also shares some traits with Teochew:個kâi '(possessive particle)',愛àiⁿ 'to want',睇théi 'to see' —compare Hokkien 兮--ê,卜beh and 看khòaⁿ.
Notes
↑ Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.[2][3][4]
↑ Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR2718766
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