Swatow dialect | |
---|---|
Shantou | |
汕頭話 Suan¹tao⁵ uê⁷ | |
Native to | China |
Region | Mainly in Shantou, southeastern Guangdong province. |
Sino-Tibetan
| |
Early forms | |
Peng'im | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | shan1244 |
Linguasphere | 79-AAA-jif |
![]() Swatow dialect |
The Swatow dialect, also known as the Shantou dialect, is a variety of Chinese mostly spoken in Shantou in Guangdong, China. It is typically classified in the Teochew group of dialects [3] , and is regarded as the representative dialect of Teochew Min. [4]
Although numerous Romanized materials labeled as "Swatow dialect" were produced from the nineteenth to the early twentieth century, their phonological systems actually reflected the dialect of the prefectural city of Chaochowfoo. [5] The modern Swatow dialect did not take shape until the 1940s. As a modern emerging city, Swatow's residents were mainly immigrants from various parts of the Chaoshan region and their descendants. Between the establishment of Swatow as a city in 1921 and 1934, a large influx of immigrants increased the population from 60,000 to 193,000, with an average annual growth of 10,000. Thereafter, population growth slowed, and the various dialects began to merge, gradually developing into a stable phonological system. By around 1946, the present-day phonological system of the Swatow dialect had already taken shape and come to be regarded as the norm. [6]
Swatow dialect has 18 initials, 91 rimes, and 8 tones. [7]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plain | sibilant | |||||
Nasal | /m/ 毛 | /n/ 腦 | /ŋ/ 俄 | |||
Plosive/ Affricate | tenuis | /p/ 波 | /t/ 刀 | /ts/ 之 | /k/ 哥 | /ʔ/ 烏 |
aspirated | /pʰ/ 抱 | /tʰ/ 天 | /tsʰ/ 此 | /kʰ/ 戈 | ||
voiced | /b/ 無 | /g/ 鵝 | ||||
Continuant | voiceless | /s/ 思 | ||||
voiced | /l/ 羅 | /z/ 入 | /h/ 何 |
Swatow dialect has at least the following rimes:
Nucleus | - a - | - ɛ̝ - | - o̞ - | - ɯ - | - i - | - u - | -ai- | -au- | -oi- | -ou- | -ui- | -iu- | ∅- | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medial | ∅- | i- | u- | ∅- | u- | ∅- | i- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | u- | ∅- | i- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ∅- | ||
Coda | -∅ | a 亞 | ia 呀 | ua 娃 | e 啞 | ue 鍋 | o 窩 | io 腰 | ɯ 余 | i 衣 | u 污 | ai 哀 | uai 歪 | au 歐 | iau 夭 | oi 鞋 | ou 烏 | ui 威 | iu 憂 | |
- ◌̃ | ã 噯 | ĩã 營 | ũã 鞍 | ẽ 楹 | ũẽ 橫 | ĩõ 羊 | ɯ̃ 秧 | ĩ 丸 | ãĩ 愛 | ũãĩ 檨 | õĩ 閑 | ĩũ 幼 | ||||||||
- ʔ | aʔ 鴨 | iaʔ 益 | uaʔ 呴 | eʔ 厄 | ueʔ 襪 | oʔ 學 | ioʔ 約 | iʔ 裂 | uʔ 呴 | oiʔ 狹 | ||||||||||
- m | am 庵 | iam 淹 | uam 犯 | im 音 | m̩ 唔 | |||||||||||||||
- ŋ | aŋ 按 | iaŋ 央 | uaŋ 汪 | eŋ 英 | oŋ 翁 | ioŋ 雍 | ɯŋ 恩 | iŋ 因 | uŋ 溫 | ŋ̩ 䘼 | ||||||||||
- p | ap 盒 | iap 壓 | uap 法 | ip 邑 | ||||||||||||||||
- k | ak 惡 | iak 躍 | uak 獲 | ek 液 | ok 屋 | iok 育 | ik 乙 | uk 熨 |
No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tones | dark level 陰平 | dark rising 陰上 | dark departing 陰去 | dark entering 陰入 | light level 陽平 | light rising 陽上 | light departing 陽去 | light entering 陽入 |
Tone contour | ˧ (33) | ˥˧ (53) | ˨˩˧ (213) | ˨ (2) | ˥ (55) | ˧˥ (35) | ˧˩ (31) | ˥ (5) |
Example Hanzi | 詩 | 死 | 四 | 薛 | 時 | 是 | 示 | 蝕 |
Swatow dialect has extremely extensive tone sandhi rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules. The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below:
Original citation tone | Tone sandhi |
---|---|
dark level 33 | 33 |
light level 55 | 31(22) [i] |
dark rising 53 | 24 |
light rising 35 | 31 |
dark departing 213 | 55 |
light departing 31 | 31 |
dark entering 2 | 5 |
light entering 5 | 2 |
{{cite book}}
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