Haikou dialect

Haikou
海口話
Pronunciation	[hai˨˩˧xau˨˩˧ue˨˧]
Native to	Southern China
Region	Haikou, Hainan
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Chinese Min Coastal Min Southern Min? Qiong–Lei Hainanese Haikou
Early forms	Proto-Sino-Tibetan Old Chinese [a] Proto-Min
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	hain1237
Linguasphere	79-AAA-ked
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The Haikou dialect is a topolect of Chinese and a subvariety of Hainanese spoken in Haikou, the capital of the Hainan province and island of China.

Phonology

The Haikou dialect has the following initials: ^[4]

		Labial	Dental	Sibilant	Velar	Glottal
Stop / Affricate	voiceless		t	ts	k	ʔ
	voiced implosive	ɓ	ɗ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s	x	h
	voiced	v		z
Lateral			l

The finals are: ^[5]

Vocalic codas			Nasal codas			Stop codas
a	ai	au	am		aŋ	ap		ak
ia		iau	iam		iaŋ	iap		iak
ua	uai				uaŋ			uak
ɛ	e				eŋ			ek
ue
o	ɔi	ɔu	ɔm		ɔŋ	ɔp		ɔk
io					iɔŋ			iɔk
i		iu	im	in		ip	it
u	ui			un	oŋ		uk	ok

There are also two syllabic nasals, /m̩/ and /ŋ̍/. ^[5]

The tone categories (described using Chao tone letters) are: ^{[5] [6]}

	level	rising	departing	entering
upper	˨˦	˨˩˧	˧˥	˥
lower	˨˩	˧		˧
		ʔ˥

See also

• Hainan Romanized

Notes

1. Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

References

1. Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR   2718766
2. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN   978-0-7748-0192-8
3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
4. Chen (1996), p. 4.
5. Chen (1996), p. 5.
6. Yan (2006), p. 142.

Sources

• Chen, Hongmai (1996), Hǎikǒu fāngyán cídiǎn海口方言詞典[Haikou dialect dictionary], Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects, vol. 16, Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Press, ISBN   978-7-5343-2886-2.
• Yan, Margaret Mian (2006), Introduction to Chinese Dialectology, LINCOM Europa, ISBN   978-3-89586-629-6.