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Yue is a group of similar Sinitic languages spoken in Southern China,particularly in Liangguang.
Chinese,also known as Sinitic,is a branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family consisting of hundreds of local varieties,many of which are not mutually intelligible. Variation is particularly strong in the more mountainous southeast part of mainland China. The varieties are typically classified into several groups:Mandarin,Wu,Min,Xiang,Gan,Hakka and Yue,though some varieties remain unclassified. These groups are neither clades nor individual languages defined by mutual intelligibility,but reflect common phonological developments from Middle Chinese.
Xiang or Hsiang,also known as Hunanese,is a group of linguistically similar and historically related Sinitic languages,spoken mainly in Hunan province but also in northern Guangxi and parts of neighboring Guizhou,Guangdong,Sichuan,Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. Scholars divided Xiang into five subgroups,Chang-Yi,Lou-Shao,Hengzhou,Chen-Xu and Yong-Quan. Among those,Lou-shao,also known as Old Xiang,still exhibits the three-way distinction of Middle Chinese obstruents,preserving the voiced stops,fricatives,and affricates. Xiang has also been heavily influenced by Mandarin,which adjoins three of the four sides of the Xiang speaking territory,and Gan in Jiangxi Province,from where a large population immigrated to Hunan during the Ming dynasty.
Pinghua refers to various Sinitic language varieties spoken mainly in parts of the Guangxi,with some speakers in Hunan. Pinghua is a trade language in some areas of Guangxi,where it is spoken as a second language by speakers of Zhuang languages. Some speakers are officially classified as Zhuang,and many are genetically distinct from most other Han Chinese. The northern subgroup is centered on Guilin and the southern subgroup around Nanning. The Southern dialect has several notable features such as having four distinct checked tones,and using various loanwords from the Zhuang languages,such as the final particle wei for imperative sentences.
The Weitou dialect is a dialect of Yue Chinese. It forms part of the Guan–Bao branch of Yuehai. It is spoken by older generations in Luohu and Futian districts in Shenzhen,and by those in the New Territories,Hong Kong.
The Sinitic languages (漢語族/汉语族),often synonymous with "Chinese languages",are a group of East Asian analytic languages that constitute the major branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. It is frequently proposed that there is a primary split between the Sinitic languages and the rest of the family. This view is rejected by a number of researchers but has found phylogenetic support among others. The Greater Bai languages,whose classification is difficult,may be an offshoot of Old Chinese and thus Sinitic;otherwise Sinitic is defined only by the many varieties of Chinese unified by a shared historical background,and usage of the term "Sinitic" may reflect the linguistic view that Chinese constitutes a family of distinct languages,rather than variants of a single language.
Southwestern Mandarin,also known as Upper Yangtze Mandarin,is a Mandarin Chinese dialect spoken in much of Southwest China,including in Sichuan,Yunnan,Chongqing,Guizhou,most parts of Hubei,the northwestern part of Hunan,the northern part of Guangxi and some southern parts of Shaanxi and Gansu.
The Changsha dialect is a dialect of New Xiang Chinese. It is spoken predominantly in Changsha,the capital of Hunan province,China. It is not mutually intelligible with Standard Mandarin,the official language of China.
The Shuangfeng dialect is a dialect of Xiang Chinese,spoken in Shuangfeng County,Hunan province,China.
Chang-Du or Chang-Jing,sometimes called Nanchang after its principal dialect,is one of the Gan Chinese languages. It is named after Nanchang and Duchang County,and is spoken in those areas as well as in Xinjian,Anyi,Yongxiu,De'an,Xingzi,Hukou,and bordering regions in Jiangxi and in Pingjiang County,Hunan.
The Jian'ou dialect,also known as Kienow dialect,is a local dialect of Northern Min Chinese spoken in Jian'ou in northern Fujian province. It is regarded as the standard common language in Jian'ou.
Leizhou or LuichewMin is a branch of Min Chinese spoken in Leizhou city,Xuwen County,Mazhang District,most parts of Suixi County and also spoken inside of the linguistically diverse Xiashan District. In the classification of Yuan Jiahua,it was included in the Southern Min group,though it has low intelligibility with other Southern Min varieties. In the classification of Li Rong,used by the Language Atlas of China,it was treated as a separate Min subgroup. Hou Jingyi combined it with Hainanese in a Qiong–Lei group.
Zhongshan Min,known as Cunhua by its speakers,are three Min Chinese dialect islands in the Zhongshan region of the southern Chinese province of Guangdong. The Zhongshan Min people settled in the region from Fujian Province as early as the Northern Song dynasty period (1023–1031). The three dialects are:
Shiqi Subdistrict,also known as Shiqiqu Subdistrict,is a subdistrict located in the center of Zhongshan city,covering an area of 22.72 square kilometres (8.77 sq mi),and a population of about 227,200. The subdistrict administers 19 residential communities,and is home to major industrial and commercial activity.
The Fuqing dialect,or Hokchia,is an Eastern Min dialect. It is spoken in the county-level city of Fuqing,China,situated within the prefecture-level city of Fuzhou. It is not completely mutually intelligible with the Fuzhou dialect.
The Minjiang dialect is a branch of Sichuanese,spoken mainly in the Min River (Mínjiāng) valley or along the Yangtze in the southern and western parts of the Sichuan Basin in China. There is also a language island of the Minjiang dialect located in the center of the Sichuan Basin covering several counties,including all of Xichong,Yanting,and Shehong Counties,and part of Jiange,Cangxi,Nanbu,Langzhong and Bazhong. The Minjiang dialect is also referred to as the Nanlu dialect by some scholars.
The Qin–Lian language is a southern branch of Yue Chinese spoken in the coastal part of Guangxi,including 3 main cities:Beihai,Qinzhou,Fangchenggang,and four subject counties:Hepu,Pubei,Lingshan,Dongxing.
The Shaoxing dialect is a Wu dialect spoken in the city of Shaoxing more specifically in the city center of Yuecheng and its surrounding areas. It is a representative Wu dialect with a tripartite distinction on voiced stop initials and a textbook register split with each of the four tonal categories of Middle Chinese being divided into upper and lower registers. Within Wu,it is classified as a Northern Wu dialect belonging to the Taihu division within which it is classified under the Linshao subdivision (臨紹小片/临绍小片).
In Chinese dialectology,Beijing Mandarin refers to a major branch of Mandarin Chinese recognized by the Language Atlas of China,encompassing a number of dialects spoken in areas of Beijing,Hebei,Inner Mongolia,Liaoning,and Tianjin,the most important of which is the Beijing dialect,which provides the phonological basis for Standard Chinese. Both Beijing Mandarin and its Beijing dialect are also called Beijingese.
The Huizhou dialect is a Chinese dialect spoken in and around Huicheng District,the traditional urban centre of Huizhou,Guangdong. The locals also call the dialect Bendihua and distinguish it from the dialect spoken in Meixian and Danshui,Huiyang,which they call Hakka.
References
- ↑ Lin, Baisong 林柏松 (1997). "Shíqí fāngyīn" 石岐方音. In Huang, Jiajiao 黃家敎 (ed.). Hànyǔ fāngyán lùnjí汉语方言论集 (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing yuyan wenhua daxue chubanshe. ISBN 7-5619-0486-X.
- ↑ "(Fāngyán wénhuà) hézòu yī qū fāngyán jiāoxiǎngyuè" (方言文化)合奏一曲方言交响乐. Nánfāng bàoyè南方报业 (in Chinese). November 17, 2005. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
- ↑ Lee, Gina Maureen (1993). Comparative, Diachronic and Experimental Perspectives on the Interaction Between Tone and the Vowel in Standard Cantonese (PDF) (PhD thesis). The Ohio State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 21, 2012.
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| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
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