Delftware or Delft pottery,also known as Delft Blue or as delf,is a general term now used for Dutch tin-glazed earthenware,a form of faience. Most of it is blue and white pottery,and the city of Delft in the Netherlands was the major centre of production,but the term covers wares with other colours,and made elsewhere. It is also used for similar pottery,English delftware.
Imari ware is a Western term for a brightly-coloured style of Arita ware Japanese export porcelain made in the area of Arita,in the former Hizen Province,northwestern Kyūshū. They were exported to Europe in large quantities,especially between the second half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century.
Chinoiserie is the European interpretation and imitation of Chinese and other Sinosphere artistic traditions,especially in the decorative arts,garden design,architecture,literature,theatre,and music. The aesthetic of chinoiserie has been expressed in different ways depending on the region. It is related to the broader current of Orientalism,which studied Far East cultures from a historical,philological,anthropological,philosophical,and religious point of view. First appearing in the 17th century,this trend was popularized in the 18th century due to the rise in trade with China and the rest of East Asia.
Chinese export porcelain includes a wide range of Chinese porcelain that was made (almost) exclusively for export to Europe and later to North America between the 16th and the 20th century. Whether wares made for non-Western markets are covered by the term depends on context. Chinese ceramics made mainly for export go back to the Tang dynasty if not earlier,though initially they may not be regarded as porcelain.
"Blue and white pottery" covers a wide range of white pottery and porcelain decorated under the glaze with a blue pigment,generally cobalt oxide. The decoration was commonly applied by hand,originally by brush painting,but nowadays by stencilling or by transfer-printing,though other methods of application have also been used. The cobalt pigment is one of the very few that can withstand the highest firing temperatures that are required,in particular for porcelain,which partly accounts for its long-lasting popularity. Historically,many other colours required overglaze decoration and then a second firing at a lower temperature to fix that.
Famille jaune,noire,rose,verte are terms used in the West to classify Chinese porcelain of the Qing dynasty by the dominant colour of its enamel palette. These wares were initially grouped under the French names of famille verte,and famille rose by Albert Jacquemart in 1862. The other terms famille jaune (yellow) and famille noire (black) may have been introduced later by dealers or collectors and they are generally considered subcategories of famille verte. Famille verte porcelain was produced mainly during the Kangxi era,while famille rose porcelain was popular in the 18th and 19th century. Much of the Chinese production was Jingdezhen porcelain,and a large proportion were made for export to the West,but some of the finest were made for the Imperial court.
Famille rose is a type of Chinese porcelain introduced in the 18th century and defined by pink overglaze enamel. It is a Western classification for Qing dynasty porcelain known in Chinese by various terms:fencai,ruancai,yangcai,and falangcai. The colour palette is thought to have been brought to China during the reign of Kangxi (1654–1722) by Western Jesuits who worked at the palace,but perfected only in the Yongzheng era when the finest pieces were made,and famille rose ware reached the peak of its technical excellence during the Qianlong period.
Armorial ware or heraldic china are ceramics decorated with a coat of arms,either that of a family,or an institution or place. Armorials have been popular on European pottery from the Middle Ages with examples seen on Spanish Hispano-Moresque ware,Italian maiolica,slipware,English and Dutch Delft,and on porcelain from the 18th century. Earlier examples were mostly large pieces such as jugs or basins and ewers,but later whole table services,all painted with the arms,were produced.
Cantonese culture,or Lingnan culture,refers to the regional Chinese culture of the region of Lingnan:twin provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi,the names of which mean "eastern expanse" and "western expanse",respectively.
In pottery hausmaler is a term for the artist,the style,and the pieces in hausmalerei,the process of buying pieces of pottery as plain "blanks",and then painting them in small workshops,or the homes of painters,before a final firing. In European pottery of the 17th to 19th centuries this was at certain times and places a significant part of production,and the decoration could be of very high quality. In England this was referred to as "outside decoration" and was also very important in the 18th and early 19th century,with some revival in the 20th.
Meissen porcelain or Meissen china was the first European hard-paste porcelain. Early experiments were done in 1708 by Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus. After his death that October,Johann Friedrich Böttger continued von Tschirnhaus's work and brought this type of porcelain to the market,financed by Augustus the Strong,King of Poland and Elector of Saxony. The production of porcelain in the royal factory at Meissen,near Dresden,started in 1710 and attracted artists and artisans to establish,arguably,the most famous porcelain manufacturer known throughout the world. Its signature logo,the crossed swords,was introduced in 1720 to protect its production;the mark of the swords is reportedly one of the oldest trademarks in existence.
The Thirteen Factories,also known as the Canton Factories,was a neighbourhood along the Pearl River in southwestern Guangzhou (Canton) in the Qing Empire from c. 1684 to 1856 around modern day Xiguan,in Guangzhou's Liwan District. These warehouses and stores were the principal and sole legal site of most Western trade with China from 1757 to 1842. The factories were destroyed by fire in 1822 by accident,in 1841 amid the First Opium War,and in 1856 at the onset of the Second Opium War. The factories' importance diminished after the opening of the treaty ports and the end of the Canton System under the terms of the 1842 Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanking. After the Second Opium War,the factories were not rebuilt at their former site south of Guangzhou's old walled city but moved,first to Henan Island across the Pearl River and then to Shamian Island south of Guangzhou's western suburbs. Their former site is now part of Guangzhou Cultural Park.
The Van Tilburg Collection is an art collection at the University of Pretoria that comprises 17th and 18th century furniture,paintings,Delft ceramics and other works of art,and includes the largest South African collection of Chinese ceramic objects. The oriental ceramic collection comprises 1699 pieces of earthenware,stoneware and porcelain dating from about 2000 BC until the early twentieth century.
Chinese ceramics are one of the most significant forms of Chinese art and ceramics globally. They range from construction materials such as bricks and tiles,to hand-built pottery vessels fired in bonfires or kilns,to the sophisticated Chinese porcelain wares made for the imperial court and for export.
Shiwan ware is Chinese pottery from kilns located in the Shiwanzhen Subdistrict of the provincial city of Foshan,near Guangzhou,Guangdong. It forms part of a larger group of wares from the coastal region known collectively as "Canton stonewares". The hilly,wooded,area provided slopes for dragon kilns to run up,and fuel for them,and was near major ports.
Jingdezhen porcelain is Chinese porcelain produced in or near Jingdezhen in Jiangxi province in southern China. Jingdezhen may have produced pottery as early as the sixth century CE,though it is named after the reign name of Emperor Zhenzong,in whose reign it became a major kiln site,around 1004. By the 14th century it had become the largest centre of production of Chinese porcelain,which it has remained,increasing its dominance in subsequent centuries. From the Ming period onwards,official kilns in Jingdezhen were controlled by the emperor,making imperial porcelain in large quantity for the court and the emperor to give as gifts.
Pazhou is a subdistrict of Haizhu in southeastern Guangzhou,Guangdong Province,in China.
The Sydney punchbowls,made in China during the Jiaqing Emperor's reign (1796–1820) over the mid-Qing dynasty,are the only two known examples of Chinese export porcelain hand painted with Sydney scenes and dating from the Macquarie era. The bowls were procured in Canton about three decades after the First Fleet's arrival at Port Jackson where the British settlement at Sydney Cove was established in 1788. They also represent the trading between Australia and China via India at the time. Even though decorated punchbowls were prestigious items used for drinking punch at social gatherings during the 18th and 19th centuries,it is not known who originally commissioned these bowls or what special occasion they were made for.
China painting,or porcelain painting,is the decoration of glazed porcelain objects such as plates,bowls,vases or statues. The body of the object may be hard-paste porcelain,developed in China in the 7th or 8th century,or soft-paste porcelain,developed in 18th-century Europe. The broader term ceramic painting includes painted decoration on lead-glazed earthenware such as creamware or tin-glazed pottery such as maiolica or faience.
Claes Grill was a Swedish merchant,factory owner and ship-owner. He was director of the Grill Trading House,one of the leading companies in the East India trade through the Swedish East India Company (SOIC). The trading house also ran a banking business and owned several ironworks in Sweden. Grill also owned several estates,was interested in natural science and had a brief and unsuccessful political career.
