Situbondo Madurese is a Madurese dialect spoken mainly in Situbondo Regency, in the eastern salient of Java. This dialect is especially closely related or very close to the Sumenep dialect spoken on the easternmost in island of Madura.[2] Situbondo, where this language is spoken, although separated from the island of Madura, most or almost all of its population are Madurese people, mainly migrating from Sumenep. Madurese people really dominates all the places there, this can be seen from the fact that in all the districts there the dominant language is Madurese.[3]
Situbondo Madurese speakers tend to be able to speak Indonesian language, at least passively. In contrast to Madurese, in Indonesian there are no geminate conjugations.[4] Situbondo Madurese speakers have a distinctive characteristic when speaking Indonesian, in this case the intonation is also carried over. For example, in the sentence "ketika [sayya] pulang dari pasar, [ber-papasan] dengan kalian"[a], can see the characteristic voice tone when using the Madurese language, which is also carried over when speaking Indonesian.[5]
History
It is interesting to see the fact that the Madurese language is dominant in Situbondo, which is separated by sea from their land of origin on island of Madura.[6] A study entitled "Mapping Cultural Region of Java" (Hatley, 1984) conducted by a sociologist from Australia said that the Tapal Kuda (lit.'Horseshoe') area is the second land of the Madurese people. The Madurese people living in this area is quite large, although in terms of cultural identity and historically they must still be distinguished from the Madurese people in island of Madura.[7]
Map of language distribution in Java and Madura in 1881 by K.F. Holle, Madurese language is in the easternmost part, including the Situbondo Madurese on the eastern tip of Java, in the south of the island of Madura.
According to Zoebazary (2017), the formation of the Pendalungan people identity is not sudden, but goes through several layers of stages. In general, these stages are grouped into three main periods, namely the pre-plantation period, the plantation period, and the contemporary (post-plantation) period.[7]
In the first period, interactions were formed between the local Javanese and the Madurese immigrant in trade transactions.
In the second period, their interactions began to involve the association of plantation owners, during which time the Dutch colonial government played a role.
Then in the next stage they began to interact on the basis of land use for other livelihoods, as well as some farming, raising livestock, and living on the coast.
Inland pleasure boats off the beach of Pasirpoetih on the Madura Strait, between 1927 to 1929.
In 1806, there were Madurese villages in the eastern corner of Java, including 25 villages in Pasuruan, 3 villages in Probolinggo, 22 villages in Puger (Jember), and 1 village in Panarukan. In 1846, the Madurese population in the eastern corner of Java was estimated at 498,273, and in Surabaya, Gresik, and Sedayu at around 240,000. The total number of Madurese ethnic groups in Java and Madura is 1,055,915. Then the subsequent migration pattern is not widely known. But a report from Sumenep in 1857 noted that every year the local government reported that 20,000 people asked for permission to leave the island, and that number does not include people who left without asking permission. Meanwhile, to fill the empty areas as a result of the war and conquest, Sultan Agung sent 40,000 Madurese to work in Gresik.[8]
In especially for the eastern region of Tapal Kuda, the term East Pendalungan was then known, which includes Bondowoso and Situbondo regencies. Other sources say that the history of relations between the Javanese and Madurese peoples have been going on for a long time, dating back to before the 19th century.[9] The Pararaton book tells of a Demang Nayapati in Singasari named Banyak Wide, with the title Aria Wiraraja, who was not liked by the Singasari palace so he was kept away and became a duke in Sumenep (Songeneb). This incident occurred after King Wisnuwardhana died and his position as king was replaced by his son, namely Kertanegara. Next, Aria Wiraraja together with the Madurese people helped Raden Wijaya build the Majapahit village in the Tarik Forest which later became a great empire in the Southeast Asian region.[7]
Several inscriptions, such as Mulamalurung inscription (1255), Kudadu inscription (11 September 1294), and Sukamerta inscription (29 October 1295), mentions an important event regarding Raden Wijaya's evacuation to Madura, then met Aria Wiraraja in the Sumenep border area. Aria Wiraraja advised Raden Wijaya to return to Java, pretend to be obedient, submit, ask for forgiveness, and serve Jayakatwang, if he is trusted, should ask to be given the Tarik Forest, then establish a village there.[10]
The people from Madura carried out forest cutting to make a village. The number of people from Madura involved in this process is certainly not small. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the end many Madurese people spread out and lived on the island of Java, especially in East Java. Some of the northern coastal areas of East Java are inhabited by Madurese people, starting from the coast of Gresik, Surabaya, Bangil, Probolinggo, Situbondo, Bondowoso, to Banyuwangi. Even in several coastal areas in the south, such as Jember, Lumajang, and Malang, Madurese people also live there. Over time they began to integrate with society and the natural environment around them, and are able to survive by adapting to livelihoods that are in accordance with the existing natural construction, and have survived until present.[11]
The Madurese people from island of Madura found on the coast of Java an environment they were familiar with, as if the Madura Strait was a bay for the Madurese cultural area. Throughout the year there is a very busy traffic of goods and people between the coastal towns and villages of the two islands. Usually these migrants leave for areas opposite their regencies in Madura. So the migration flow from Bangkalan is mainly towards Surabaya, Malang, Kediri, Madiun, and Bojonegoro. The migrants from Sampang especially to Pasuruan, Probolinggo, and Lumajang, while migrants from Sumenep and Pamekasan mainly go to Jember, Situbondo, Bondowoso, and Banyuwangi.[12]
Classification
Distribution of Madurese dialects, Situbondo Madurese is included in Pendalungan dialect chain (red).
Madurese language is not only spoken on island of Madura. On the island of Java, Madurese is spoken in the eastern salient of Java, especially in Situbondo and Bondowoso regencies. In these two regencies, Madurese is not a second language, but rather the first language for most of its speakers. This is different from other districts in the region where the language conditions are mixed, even overlapping with Javanese language. Even in formal or semi-formal situations, Madurese is used as the language of instruction in the two regencies.[13]
Despite the homogeneous linguistic situation in Situbondo and Bondowoso regencies, variations in the Madurese language still occur. This can be seen from the division of dialect areas in Bondowoso and Situbondo regencies, even though In this case, Situbondo and Bondowoso are the same dialect, namely Eastern Madurese dialect. In this case, especially Situbondo, according to Madurese speakers in Situbondo, the western part of Situbondo near Panarukan and Besuki to the border of Probolinggo is the Western Madurese dialect. Meanwhile, the eastern part of Situbondo, starting from the Situbondo Kota to the border with Banyuwangi near Banyuputih, is the Eastern Madurese dialect.[13]
The division of linguistic areas in Situbondo by its speakers is based on several lexical and phonological variations which are considered to be characteristic of Eastern and Western Madurese. The words [bǝɁǝn] 'you' and [bɘɁna] 'you' are examples of phonological variations that are used as markers between Eastern and Western Madurese.[13] In terms of intonation, the Besuki dialect has similarities to the Sampang–Bangkalan dialect, not much different from the intonation. At least in Besuki, 45% of the population comes from or was born in Madura, such as from Sampang, Sumenep, Kangean, Sapudi, and several areas in Madura.[5]
Usage
Situbondo Madurese is used in formal and semi-formal situations. His daily life cannot be separated from the Madurese language, even if it is only the insertion of typical Madurese words.[13] Apart from that, the Madurese language of Situbondo as a cultural identity of its users has also inspired the birth of various arts, such as folk tales,[14] as well as Situbondo's typical dangdut songs.[15]
"Lagu dangdut Madhurâ rowa khas Situbondo, asalla ?âri Al Badar, jhâ'rowa ngarang-ngarang bâkto è tangghâ'ân. E Madhurâ dhibhi' ta?â' dangdut Madhurâ lambâ', sé bâ?â kéjhungan bi' gambusan. Barometer-nya dangdut Madhurâ itu ya Situbondo, Madhurâ rowa akaca ?â'enna'. Arapa saya ngoca' nga' itu, Madhurâ itu banyak macemma ya, logatta kan ta' sama ya, sé kita itu sé bhâgus".
English translation: "The Madurese dangdut song is typical of Situbondo, originating from the drama Al Badar, it was composed while performing. In (original) Madura there was no Madurese dangdut before, there was kéjhungan and gambus music. The barometer of Madurese dangdut is Situbondo, Madura reflects here. Why do I say that? Madurese has many varieties, and their accents are different, but ours is the best."
Developing in oral tradition, the Situbondo Madurese is also used in the mamaca (mamacah) tradition, one of the traditional arts of the island of Madura society which then developed to the Pendalungan areas, including Situbondo. The term mamaca comes from the Madurese language which means 'reading' and has a close meaning to the term macapat in Javanese language. This is an activity of reading text in the form of poetry or stories by singing it in the form of a song (tembhang) and interpreted (tegghes) in Madurese. The text that is read is written use Malay-Arabic letters using Madurese, some also use Pegon letters using Kromo Javanese ('polite language').[16]
In 2017, the Situbondo population was around 675,000 with the majority of the population speaking Madurese.[17] It is known that place names in the Horseshoe area (including Situbondo) where the majority of the population is Madurese, at first using Javanese language. However, at this time, the people of the Tapal Kuda area are dominated by the Madurese people and have become the Pendalungan people (a mixture of Javanese and Madurese), so that there is a change in the names of these places. Even when the Pendalungan people use Indonesian, they are still influenced by affixations or additions from Madurese grammar. Apart from these examples, there are also several other examples related to the language diaspora in the form of a mixture of Javanese or Indonesian vocabulary with Madurese.[18]
Dialects
Situbondo Madurese language is also divided into two dialects based on geographical location, intonation, and differences in greeting vocabulary, namely Besuki dialect which is spoken in the west and Situbondo Kota dialect which is spoken in the east. The difference between the two dialects is also based on intonation, in the Besuki dialect the accent of speech is the use of commas as a way of emphasizing words, as in the example of the word be'en 'you', whereas in the Situbondo Kota dialect the word bekna 'you' is used, also with a lower intonation.[19] In Panarukan is the boundary zone between the dialects of the western and eastern regions, with the west being closer to the Besuki dialect, while the east is the Situbondo Kota dialect. So it can be said that the linguistic conditions are more diverse.[20]
Madurese language is used in the northeast coast region of East Java, such as Probolinggo, Situbondo, and Banyuwangi have similarities and some differences in dialects in their daily use. In addition, the morphophonemic characteristics of the use of Madurese dialects in three regencies are also largely similar.[21] Situbondo Madurese is said to be different from the Probolinggo Madurese or Banyuwangi Madurese, this is due to differences in administrative areas.[22]
Vocabulary
As mentioned earlier, Situbondo Madurese has many similarities in vocabulary with Probolinggo Madurese and Banyuwangi Madurese, here is a comparison.[23]
↑ In standard Indonesian the writing and grammar is "ketika saya pulang dari pasar, saya berpapasan dengan kalian" which means "when I came home from the market, I met you guys".
Fitriah, Zulis Lailatul; Rahma, Farah Salsabil; Fatiha, Cagiva Alaysia; Firdaus, Yusrizal Jofi; Irfan, Yusuf Muhammad; Firdausy, Asyitah Nabila; Rahmadhani, Dimas Very; Putra, Affanda Bagus Syah; Cahyaningtrias, Miftahul Fudin; Rahardika, Muhammad Aditya Putra (2021). KTI: Keberagaman Kebudayaan Jawa Timur. Mata Kuliah Umum Bahasa Indonesia (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Jember: Universitas Jember. pp.1–52 – via Scribd.
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