Duchy of Sumenep

Duchy of Sumenep
Kadipaten Sumenep
Duchy of Sumenep Kadipaten Sumenep
1269–1883
	Flag
Status	Dukedom
Capital	Sumenep
Common languages	Madurese (Sumenep dialect)
Religion	Previously Hinduism and Buddhism; then Islam
Government	Monarchy
Adipati
History
• King Kertanegara exiled Aria Wiraraja	1269
• The signing of the agreement between Pakubuwana I and the VOC	1705
• Staatsblad of the Dutch Colonial Government	1883
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Singasari
Dutch East Indies
	The following is a timeline of Sumenep from its founding to the end of its sovereignty. Sumenep became a duchy (kadipaten) since the Singasari ruled over the lands of Java and Madura.; During the Majapahit era, this area was freed from all taxes and royal tributes.; The Duchy of Sumenep, which was originally under the influence of the Mataram Sultanate, fell into the hands of the Dutch as a result of the Semarang Agreement carried out by Susuhunan Pakubuwana I with VOC.; During the reign of Raffles, the ruler of the Duchy of Sumenep had a position equal to that of the Susuhunan in Surakarta Sunanate and the Sultan in Yogyakarta Sultanate.; From 1948 until 1950, the former Duchy of Sumenep officially became part of the State of Madura in the United States of Indonesia.;

Last updated September 16, 2025

Duchy of Sumenep, also known as Duchy of East Madura or Madura Wetan, was a Madurese principality that once controlled the eastern part of the island of Madura (Pamekasan and Sumenep present) including the islands off the coast of Strait of Madura and Bali Sea (incl. Sapudi and Kangean). The center of government is currently in the town of Sumenep.

History

Founded in 1269 by a relative of King Kertanegara of Singasari named Aria Wiraraja, this region was under the direct supervision of the Singasari and later, the Majapahit.^[1]

In 1559, during the reign of Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Kanduruwan, this region located in eastern part of Madura was under the influence of the Demak Sultanate and only during the reign of Prince Lor II did the ruling area of the Duchy of Sumenep come under the direct supervision of the Mataram Sultanate. Previously, it was from the Pajang Sultanate which was a sibling of the Demak Sultanate which came from the Ranggalawe [ id ] descendants, up to Brawijaya VII, namely Raden Hadiwijaya (Joko Tingkir), another word for Mas Karebet, around Surakarta to the east.

Then in 1883, the Dutch East Indies government began to abolish the previous system (self-governing), the rulers of Madura (Bangkalan and Sumenep) were managed directly by the Nederland Indische Regening with the appointment of a regent. Since then, the duchy government system in Sumenep ended and changed to a regency government.

The famous relics of the Sumenep Duchy that can still be seen today include the Sumenep Palace, Great Mosque of Sumenep, and Asta Tinggi which are located in the town of Sumenep.^[2]

Government structure

The government structure in the Duchy of Sumenep during the Mataram Sultanate used an organizational pattern similar to the government pattern in the Mataram Sultanate as its center. The lebet government in this area only includes the State Building, Palace Court, Kapengulon, Paseban, and Palace Household. In addition, village government in the Sumenep area is divided into several village groups, including Daleman, Percaton, and Perdikan.

The entry of the Dutch government into Sumenep also influenced the government system there, as the beginning of the relationship between the VOC and the government in the Duchy of Sumenep had actually been going on before the Prince Puger agreement in 1705. However, because at that time the situation within the Mataram Sultanate was unstable, in 1705, the VOC imposed its will regarding political power in eastern part of Madura on Susuhunan Pakubuwana I so that an agreement was reached between the two parties, and finally the regions of Sumenep and Pamekasan were given to the VOC.

During its occupation of Sumenep, the region's status remained that of a duchy. The VOC did not immediately change the system of governance in this region, palace nobles are still entrusted with ruling their people with certain conditions signed by both parties. The colonial government only supervised by placing a representative in Sumenep. Other VOC influences also had an impact on the development of architecture in Sumenep, Most of the government buildings and noble houses in Sumenep are more or less influenced by European style elements.

As time went by, the Dutch East Indies government began to restrict some of the duke's policies, until in 1883, the colonial government began to issue regulations that abolished native government. As a result, the Sumenep region, which since 1269 was a duchy region, the government system must be abolished and allowances given to the nobles so as not to cause unrest. After the abolition of the dukedom in Sumenep, so at that time this region began to be governed directly by the Nederland Indische Regening by appointing a regent.

List of rulers

The following is a list of the rulers of the Duchy of Sumenep from its founding until it ceased to be sovereign.

No.	Name	House	Year(s)	Description
1.	Aria Wiraraja I (Aria Banyak Wide)	Batuputih	1269–1292	One of the founders of Majapahit.
2.	Aria Wiraraja II (Aria Bangah)	Banasare	1292–1301
3.	Aria Danurwendo (Lembu Sarenggana)	Aeng Anyar	1301–1311
4.	Aria Assrapati		1311–1319
5.	Panembahan Joharsari	Bluto	1319–1331
6.	Panembahan Mandaraga (R. Piturut)	Keles	1331–1339
7.	Pangeran Aria Watapraja	Bukabu	1339–1348
8.	Pangeran Aria Nataningrat	Baragung	1348–1358
9.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Secadiningrat I (R. Agung Rawit)	Banasare	1358–1366
10.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Secadiningrat II (Tumenggung Gajah Pramana)	Banasare	1366–1386
11.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Pulang Jiwa (Panembahan Bolingi)	Bolingi or Poday	1386–1399
12.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Adipoday (Aria Baribin)	Nyamplong or Poday	1399–1415
13.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Secadiningrat III (Pangeran Jakatole)	Banasare	1415–1460	The founder of Kalimo'ok Fortress against the Balinese Awang, the founder of the Majapahit Kingdom Gate.
14.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Secadiningrat IV (R. Wigananda)	Gapura	1460–1502
15.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Secadiningrat V (R. Siding Purih)	Parsanga	1502–1559
16.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Kanduruwan	Karangsabu	1559–1562
17.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Wetan and Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Lor		1562–1567	Two rulers simultaneously lead different areas in Sumenep.
18.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Keduk II (R. Keduk)		1567–1574
19.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Lor II (R. Rajasa)		1574–1589
20.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Cakranegara I (R. Abdullah)	Karangtoroy	1589–1626
21.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Anggadipa	Karangtoroy	1626–1644
22.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Jaing Patih of Sampang	Karangtoroy	1644–1648	Not from the Sumenep dynasty but from the Sampang dynasty in western part of Madura.
23.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Yudanegara (R. Bugan)	Karangtoroy	1648–1672
24.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Pulang Jiwa and Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Sepuh	Karangtoroy	1672–1678	Two rulers simultaneously led the Duchy of Sumenep.
25.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Cakranegara II (P. Rama)	Karangtoroy	1678–1709
26.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Purwanegara (R.T. Wiramenggala)	Karangtoroy	1709–1721
27.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Cakranegara III (R. Ahmat or Pangeran Aria Jimat)	Karangtoroy	1721–1744
28.	Pangeran Lolos (R. Alza)	Karangtoroy	1744-1749	Escaped in an ambush by K. Lesap.
29.	K. Lesap	Karangtoroy	1749–1750	The temporary leadership was handed over to Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Tirtanegara.
30.	Gusti Raden Ayu Tirtanegara (R.A. Rasmana) and Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Tirtanegara (Bindara Saod)	Pajagalan	1750–1762	The government was handed over to her husband.^[3]^[4]
31.	Panembahan Sumala Asirudin	Pajagalan	1762–1811	Founder of the Great Mosque of Sumenep.
32.	Sri Sultan Abdurrahman Pakunataningrat I (Raden Aria Natanegara)	Pajagalan	1811–1854	At that time, Sumenep was on the same level as Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.
33.	Panembahan Natakusuma II (R. Aria Mochammad Saleh)	Pajagalan	1854–1879
34.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Pakunataningrat II (Pangeran Mangkuadiningrat)	Pajagalan	1879–1901
35.	Kanjeng Pangeran Aria Pratamingkusuma	Pajagalan	1901–1926
36.	Kanjeng Tumenggung Aria Prabuwinata	Pajagalan	1926–1929

References

↑ Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of South-East Asia. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
↑ Anton, Syaf (10 February 2011). "Masjid Agung Sumenep: Arsitektur Peradaban Bangsa Dunia" [Great Mosque of Sumenep: The Architecture of World Civilization]. www.lontarmadura.com (in Indonesian). Lontar Madura. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
↑ Redaksi Mamira (2021-06-25). "Asmara Berujung Prahara: Kisah Cinta Patih kepada Ratu Tirtanegara". MAMIRA.ID (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-07-21.
↑ "Menelusuri Para Raja Madura dari Masa Pra-Islam hingga Masa Kolonial". Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Bandung: Fakultas Ushuluddin, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati. 2016. pp. 248–249.

Bibliography

Zulkarnaen, Iskandar (2003). Sejarah Sumenep (in Indonesian) (1st ed.). Sumenep: Dinas Pariwisata dan kebudayaan kabupaten Sumenep.
Abdurrachman (1971). Sejarah Madura Selajang Pandang (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

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[1] Cœdès, George (1968). The Indianized States of South-East Asia. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.

[2] Anton, Syaf (10 February 2011). "Masjid Agung Sumenep: Arsitektur Peradaban Bangsa Dunia" [Great Mosque of Sumenep: The Architecture of World Civilization]. www.lontarmadura.com (in Indonesian). Lontar Madura. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.

[3] Redaksi Mamira (2021-06-25). "Asmara Berujung Prahara: Kisah Cinta Patih kepada Ratu Tirtanegara". MAMIRA.ID (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2025-07-21.

[4] "Menelusuri Para Raja Madura dari Masa Pra-Islam hingga Masa Kolonial". Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya (in Indonesian). Vol. 1. Bandung: Fakultas Ushuluddin, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati. 2016. pp. 248–249.

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