![]() | This article's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article.(April 2021) |
Madurese | |
---|---|
Bhâsa Madhurâ بۤاسا مادورۤا ꦧꦱꦩꦝꦸꦫ | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | Island of Madura, Sapudi Islands, Java, Singapore and Malaysia (as Boyanese) |
Ethnicity | |
Native speakers | 10-13.6 million (2008) [1] |
Austronesian
| |
Dialects | |
Latin script Carakan script Pegon alphabet | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-2 | mad |
ISO 639-3 | mad – Standard Madurese |
Glottolog | madu1247 |
Madurese is a language of the Madurese people, native to the Madura Island and Eastern Java, Indonesia; it is also spoken by migrants to other parts of Indonesia, namely the eastern salient of Java (comprising Pasuruan, Surabaya, Malang to Banyuwangi), the Masalembu Islands and even some on Kalimantan. It was traditionally written in the Javanese script, but the Latin script and the Pegon script (based on Arabic script) is now more commonly used. The number of speakers, though shrinking, is estimated to be 10-13 million, making it one of the most widely spoken languages in the country. Bawean Madurese, which is a dialect of Madurese, is also spoken by Baweanese descendants in Malaysia and Singapore.
Madurese is a Malayo-Sumbawan language of the Malayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the larger Austronesian language family. Thus, despite apparent geographic spread, Madurese is more related to Balinese, Malay, Sasak and Sundanese, than it is to Javanese, the language used on the island of Java just across Madura Island.
Links between Bali–Sasak languages and Madurese are more evident with the vernacular form (common form).[ citation needed ]
Latin letters are given according to the 2008 orthography. [2]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
Close | /i/ ꦆ⟨i⟩ | /ɨ/ ꦆ⟨e⟩ | /u/ ꦈ⟨u⟩ | |
Mid | /ɛ/ ꦌ⟨è⟩ | /ə/ ꦄꦼ⟨e⟩ | /ɤ/ ꦄꦼꦴ⟨â⟩ | /ɔ/ ꦎ⟨o⟩ |
Open | /a/ ꦄ⟨a⟩ |
Vowels /a/, /ɛ/, /ə/, /ɔ/ and its higher counterparts /ɤ/, /i/, /ɨ/, /u/ are usually in complementary distribution. The last 4 vowels occur after voiced and aspirated consonants, while the first 4 vowels occur elsewhere. Consonants /l/, /r/, and /s/, although by default lower the vowels, are transparent after higher vowels, for example belli/bɨlli/ "to buy" instead of *bellè/bɨllɛ/. [3]
Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | /m/ ꦩ⟨m⟩⟨م⟩ | /n̪/ ꦤ⟨n⟩⟨ن⟩ | /ɳ/ ꦟ⟨ṇ⟩⟨ن⟩ | /ɲ/ ꦚ⟨ny⟩⟨ۑ⟩ | /ŋ/ ꦔ⟨ng⟩⟨ڠ⟩ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ꦥ⟨p⟩⟨ڤ⟩ | /t̪/ ꦠ⟨t⟩⟨ت⟩ | /ʈ/ ꦛ⟨ṭ⟩⟨ڟ⟩ | /c/ ꦕ⟨c⟩⟨چ⟩ | /k/ ꦏ⟨k⟩⟨ك⟩ | /ʔ/ ꦃ⟨'⟩⟨ء⟩ |
voiced | /b/ ꦧ⟨b⟩⟨ب⟩ | /d̪/ ꦢ⟨d⟩⟨د⟩ | /ɖ/ ꦣ⟨ḍ⟩⟨ڊ⟩ | /ɟ/ ꦗ⟨j⟩⟨ج⟩ | /ɡ/ ꦒ⟨g⟩⟨ࢴ⟩ | ||
aspirated | /pʰ/ ꦧ⟨bh⟩⟨ب⟩ | /t̪ʰ/ ꦢ⟨dh⟩⟨د⟩ | /ʈʰ/ ꦣ⟨ḍh⟩⟨ڊ⟩ | /cʰ/ ꦗ⟨jh⟩⟨ج⟩ | /kʰ/ ꦒ⟨gh⟩⟨ࢴ⟩ | ||
Fricative | /s/ ꦱ⟨s⟩⟨س⟩ | /h/ ꦲ⟨h⟩⟨ه⟩ | |||||
Trill | /r/ ꦫ⟨r⟩⟨ر⟩ | ||||||
Approximant | /l/ ꦭ⟨l⟩⟨ل⟩ | /j/ ꦪ⟨y⟩⟨ي⟩ | /w/ ꦮ⟨w⟩⟨و⟩ |
Madurese has more consonants than its neighboring languages due to it having voiceless unaspirated, voiceless aspirated (traditionally often transcribed as voiced aspirated), and voiced unaspirated. Similar to Javanese, it has a contrast between dental and alveolar (even retroflex) stops. [4] [5]
The letters ⟨f⟩, ⟨q⟩, ⟨v⟩, ⟨x⟩, and ⟨z⟩ are used in loanwords. [6]
Madurese nouns are not inflected for gender and are pluralized via reduplication. Its basic word order is subject–verb–object. Negation is expressed by putting a negative particle before the verb, adjective or noun phrase. As with other similar languages, there are different negative particles for different kinds of negation. [7]
Madurese | Indonesian | English | |
---|---|---|---|
Latin | Pèghu | ||
lakè’ | لاكَيء | laki-laki | male |
binè’ | بِينَيء | perempuan | female |
iyâ | إيۤا | iya | yes |
enja′ | أٓنجاْء | tidak | no |
aèng[aɛŋ] | أئَيڠ | air | water |
arè | أرَي | matahari | sun |
mata | ماتا | mata | eye |
sengko' | سَيڠكَوء | aku/saya | I/me |
bâ'na | بۤاءنا | kamu/engkau | you |
Madurese | Indonesian | English | |
---|---|---|---|
Latin | Pèghu | ||
sèttong | سَيتَّوڠ | satu | one |
duwâ' | دووۤاء | dua | two |
tello' | تٓلَّوء | tiga | three |
empa' | اۤمڤاء | empat | four |
lèma’ | لَيماء | lima | five |
ennem | اۤنّٓم | enam | six |
pètto’ | ڤَيتَّوء | tujuh | seven |
bâllu’ | بۤالّوء | delapan | eight |
sanga′ | ساڠاء | sembilan | nine |
sapolo | ساڤَولَو | sepuluh | ten |
From Article 1 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 385.5 million speakers. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian peoples outside of Taiwan, in the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia in the areas near the Malay Peninsula, with Cambodia, Vietnam and the Chinese island Hainan as the northwest geographic outlier. Malagasy, spoken in the island of Madagascar off the eastern coast of Africa in the Indian Ocean, is the furthest western outlier.
Madura Island is an Indonesian island off the northeastern coast of Java. The island comprises an area of approximately 4,436.77 square kilometres (1,713.05 sq mi). Administratively, Madura is part of the province of East Java. It is separated from Java by the narrow Madura Strait. The administered area had a density of 755.6 people per km2 in mid 2023, while the main island had a somewhat higher figure of 840 per km2.
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The Javanese script is one of Indonesia's traditional scripts developed on the island of Java. The script is primarily used to write the Javanese language, but in the course of its development has also been used to write several other regional languages such as Sundanese, Madurese, and Sasak; the lingua franca of the region, Malay; as well as the historical languages Kawi and Sanskrit. Javanese script was actively used by the Javanese people for writing day-to-day and literary texts from at least the mid-15th century CE until the mid-20th century CE, before its function was gradually supplanted by the Latin alphabet. Today the script is taught in DI Yogyakarta, Central Java, and the East Java Province as part of the local curriculum, but with very limited function in everyday use.
Madurese, Madurans, Madurites or Madurace are one of the Javan ethnic groups native to the Indonesian island of Madura in Java Sea, off the northeastern coast of Java. They speak their own native Madurese language, shared common history, traditions, and cultural identity. Nationwide, the Madurese are the third largest ethnic group in Indonesia, and one of the well-known Indonesian national dishes of Satay also ultimately attributed as the national culinary heritage of Madura-origin invented by the Madurese.
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