{{rp|31}}\n"},"2":{"wt":"finish 3NSG again 3UND{{gcl|1|class I pronominal paradigm}}- feed NEG\n"},"3":{"wt":"After (that was finished) they didn't feed her any more."}},"i":0}}]}" id="mw7A">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}
Koh
finish
ini
3NSG
awa
again
g-
3UND1-
eh
feed
nang. [1] : 31
NEG
After (that was finished) they didn't feed her any more.
In example 2, the SO argument is indicated with the bound pronoun n-, and the A argument is represented by the free pronoun na.
Uruut
deer
béq
pig
ma,
come
n-
1SG.UND1-
edan,
scared
na
1SG.ACT
ete
tree
hil
climb
agai. [1] : 31
go
Deer and pig came, I was scared, I climbed a tree.
In example 3, SA is indicated by the free pronoun ini.
Nang,
NEG
ini
3NSG
hok
IRR
waa
go
nang. [1] : 31
NEG
No, they didn't go.
Anaphoric co-reference
When co-referring A and SA arguments occur in paratactically conjoined clauses, the argument in the second clause can be either reduced to a pronoun or deleted.
A
2SG.ACT
A
ne-
1SG.UND4-
O
uur,
see
V
koh
finish
bo
SEQ
∅
∅
∅
u-
VI-
You saw me then (you) laughed.
Similarly, co-referring O and SO arguments which occur in paratactically conjoined clauses allow reduction or deletion of the argument in the second clause.
Joni
Joni
A
Peter
Peter
O
gin=
3UND3=
O
tendang,
kick
V
koh
finish
ho
SIM
Louise
Louise
A
awa
again
gin=
3UND3=
O
Joni kicked Peter then Louise hit him (Peter) again.
Word order
The word order of intransitives is SV.
Transitive clauses can have AOV, OAV, or AVO word order. AOV word order disambiguates the A and O arguments when their animacy is equivalent and which argument is which is not otherwise inferrable from context.
Papuan languages generally lack active-passive voice distinctions. [5] Due to the absence of mention of this topic in Baird's grammar, it is assumed that Klon is a typical Papuan language in this regard.
Most verbs can occur in intransitive and transitive constructions. Klon speakers seldom use ditransitive clauses. Only the verb en 'to give' is always ditransitive (trivalent). In en constructions, the Primary Undergoer, the recipient, is indicated by a pronominal prefix on the verb; the Secondary Undergoer, the theme, occurs as a full NP.
Bapak
father
ak
part
n-
1SG.UND1-
en
give
na
1SG.ACT
kde. [1] : 35
eat
Dad give me some to eat (lit. I eat).
Valency-decreasing operations
The reciprocal marker t-/to-/tin-/te- indicates that the Actor and Undergoer within a clause are the same referent. Thus, it makes a divalent verb monovalent. The reciprocal marker can only occur with non-singular Actors.
Gi-
3.POSS2-
man
father
ong
this
kantor
office
mi
be.at
kreyang, [1] : 106
work
The father worked in an office,
ini
3NSG
t-
RECP-
riyang
take.care.of
t-
RECP-
muinpuin
care.for
ma,
come
ho
SIM
g-
3.POSS1-
ooi
mother
i
DUR
ebeer.
die
they took care of each other, until their mother died.
Noun incorporation also decreases valency in Klon.
Valency-increasing operations
The verbal prefix u- increases valency by adding an Undergoer argument. The possible role of the Undergoer includes those of Patient, Theme, Recipient, or Goal.
In the following example, ebeer 'die' has a single Undergoer NP argument doqom 'grandfather'.
Karel
Karel
aan
2SG.ACT
di
also
ma,
come
de
CONJ
bo
SEQ
na
1SG.ACT
o-
2SG.UND2-
tuub
show
abang
say
Karel
Karel
ong
this
di
also
ge
3.POSSF
dat,
grandchild
aan
2SG.ACT
qada
IPFV
hok
IRR
yeh
CONT
nang,
NEG
bo
SEQ
i-
2SG.POSS2-
doqom
grandfather
ebeer.
die
Karel you also come so that I show you saying Karel here is also his grandchild, you didn't exist yet when your grandfather died [1] : 96
In the next example, the Undergoer argument associated with the verb ebeer 'die' is indicated by a third person pronoun verbal prefix, as well as with a full NP Labgei ong 'this Labgei'.
Wed
now
usong
seven
unu
market
her,
descend
nok
good
de,
CONJ
na
1SG.ACT
wo
that
o-
2SG.UND2-
tmein,
order
de
CONJ
mde,
ascend
de
CONJ
uiliik,
sell
de
CONJ
Labgei
Labgei
ong
this
pi
1NSG.INCL.ACT
g-
3UND1-
ebeer.
die
Next week descend to the market and I'll order you to go up and sell so that we can kill this Labegai. [1] : 96
Example 3 is similar to example 2, except now only the pronominal prefix is used to indicate the Undergoer.
Nuk
one
mde
ascend
g-
3UND1-
ebeer
die
g-
3UND1-
ebeer
die
go-
3UND2-
agai
go
man
Mr
leer
ruler
g-
3UND1-
en.
give
One ascended killing them and killing them bringing them and giving them to the ruler. [1] : 96
Example 4 is in reference to a story about a grandfather beating his grandchildren if they did not get out of bed early in the morning. The speaker uses the inanimate Undergoer argument haib 'danger', as the reason for dying. Hok 'some', refers to the people who die. The u- prefix is used so that ebeer can take the additional argument haib.
Ho
SIM
wed
now
a
2SG.ACT
ini
3NSG
gin=
3UND3=
tolong
help
ongo
this
hok
some
haib
danger
u-
VI-
ebeer
die
u-
VI-
ihin
lost
=e
=FOC
nang?
NEG
So now you help them like this, do any die from danger or not? [1] : 97
The applicative verbal prefix mi- allows an added Undergoer argument as well, but this Undergoer can only be an Instrument.
The consonant phonemes are written as follows:
All other consonants use the same graphemes as IPA.
The short vowel phonemes are written as follows:
The long vowels are written as double graphemes such as "ee" for /ɛː/.
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