East Nusa Tenggara

East Nusa Tenggara Nusa Tenggara Timur
Province
Province of East Nusa Tenggara
Flag Coat of arms
Location of East Nusa Tenggara in Indonesia
OpenStreetMap
Coordinates: 10°11′S123°35′E / 10.183°S 123.583°E / -10.183; 123.583
Established	14 August 1958 [1]
Capital and largest city	Kupang
Government
• Body	East Nusa Tenggara Provincial Government
• Governor	Ayodhia Kalake (Acting)
• Vice Governor	Vacant
Area
• Total	47,179.52 km2 (18,216.11 sq mi)
• Rank	13th in Indonesia
Highest elevation (Mount Mutis)	2,427 m (7,963 ft)
Population  (mid 2023 Estimate) [2]
• Total	5,569,068
• Rank	12th in Indonesia
• Density	120/km2 (310/sq mi)
Demographics
•  Ethnic groups [3]	22% Atoni/Dawan 15% Manggarai 12% Sumba 9% Belu 8% Lamaholot 5% Rote 4% Li'o
•  Religion [4] [5]	91.4% Christianity —55.2% Catholicism —36.2% Protestantism 8.4% Islam 0.2% other
•  Languages	Indonesian (official) Kupang Malay (lingua franca) Bunak, Lamaholot, Larantuka Malay, Li'o, Tetum, Uab Meto, etc. (regional)
Time zone	UTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time)
ISO 3166 code	ID-NT
GDP (nominal)	2022
- Total	Rp 118,718 billion (27rd) US$ 8.00 billion US$ 24.95 billion (PPP)
- Per capita	Rp 21.72 million (34th) US$  1,462 US$ 4,564 (PPP)
- Growth	5.25%
HDI	0.666 (Medium)
HDI rank	32nd (2023)
Website	nttprov.go.id

East Nusa Tenggara (Indonesian : Nusa Tenggara Timur) is the southernmost province of Indonesia. It comprises the eastern portion of the Lesser Sunda Islands, facing the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. It consists of more than 500 islands, with the largest ones being Sumba, Flores, and the western part of Timor; the latter shares a land border with the separate nation of East Timor. The province is subdivided into twenty-one regencies and the regency-level city of Kupang, which is the capital and largest city.

A Christian-majority region, East Nusa Tenggara is the only Indonesian province where Roman Catholicism is the predominant religion. The province has a total land area of 47,179.52 km² and had a population of 4,683,827 at the 2010 Census ^[6] and 5,325,566 at the 2020 Census; ^[7] the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 5,569,068 (comprising 2,784,901 males and 2,784,167 females). ^[2] Economically, East Nusa Tenggara still remains one of the least developed provinces in Indonesia. It currently focuses on expanding the tourism sector, with the most well-known attractions including Labuan Bajo, Komodo National Park and Mount Kelimutu.

History

After the declaration of Indonesian independence in 1945, the eastern part of Indonesia declared the State of East Indonesia. ^[8] The state was further included in the United States of Indonesia as part of the agreement with the Dutch contained in the transfer of sovereignty to Indonesia in 1949.

In 1950, United States of Indonesia dissolved itself into a unitary state and began to divide its component area into provinces. In 1958, by Indonesian law (Undang-Undang) No. 64/1958, three provinces were established in the Lesser Sunda Islands: Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. ^[9] The area of East Nusa Tenggara province included the western part of Timor island, Flores, Sumba and many smaller islands in the region.

The province was originally sub-divided into twelve regencies, ^[10] but on 11 April 1996, the City of Kupang, was separated from Kupang Regency and given regency-level status. Then, following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998 and the passage of a new regional autonomy law, there was a dramatic subdividing (known as pemekaran) of regional governments across Indonesia, at both provincial and regency level. Between 1999 and 2012, nine new regencies were created in East Nusa Tenggara by the division of existing regencies:

• On 4 October 1999, a new Lembata Regency (Regional code 53.13) was formed by the division of the East Flores Regency. ^[11]
• On 10 April 2002, Rote Island and adjacent islands were split off from Kupang Regency, to form a new Rote Ndao Regency (53.14). ^[12]
• On 25 February 2003, Manggarai Regency was split into two and a new West Manggarai Regency (53.15) was established. ^[13]
• On 2 January 2007, the administration of East Nusa Tenggara province was expanded by the establishment of three new regencies
  – Nagekeo (53.16) was cut out of Ngada Regency, and Central Sumba (53.17) and Southwest Sumba (53.18) were both cut out of West Sumba Regency).
• On 17 July 2007 a new regency of East Manggarai (53.19) was cut out of Manggarai Regency.
• On 29 October 2008 a further regency – Sabu Raijua (53.20) (comprising the Savu Islands group) – was formed from part of the remaining Kupang Regency.
• On 14 December 2012 yet another regency – Malaka (53.21) – was created out of the southern half of Belu Regency.

Therefore, as from early 2013, there are twenty-one regencies plus the one autonomous city (Kupang) in the province.

Geography

Padar Island near Komodo Island.

Located in the east of Lesser Sunda Islands, East Nusa Tenggara faces the Indian Ocean in the south and the Flores Sea in the north. This province borders East Timor (Timor-Leste) in the western part of Timor island, and is also close to the province of West Nusa Tenggara (Nusa Tenggara Barat) and the province of Maluku.

Komodo, one of the small islands in this province.

Komodo National Park.

The province consists of about 566 islands, the largest and most dominant are Flores, Sumba, and the western part of Timor. The smaller islands include Adonara, Alor, Komodo, Lembata (formerly called Lomblen), Menipo, Raijua, Rincah, Rote Island (the southernmost island in Indonesia), Savu, Semau, and Solor. The highest point in the province is Mount Mutis in the South Central Timor Regency, 2,427 meters above sea level. ^[14]

Island names of East Nusa Tenggara

Administrative divisions

The province is divided into twenty-one regencies and one independent city (Kupang). These are listed below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 Census ^[6] and the 2020 Census, ^[7] together with the official estimates as at mid 2023. ^[2]

Kode Wilayah	Name of City or Regency	Statute (including year when established)	Area in km2	Pop'n 2010 Census	Pop'n 2020 Census	Pop'n mid 2023 Estimate	Capital	HDI [15] 2022 estimate
53.71	Kupang City		180.27	336,239	442,758	466,632	Kupang	0.8020 (Very High)
53.01	Kupang Regency	UU 69/1958	5,298.13	304,548	366,383	376,837	Oelamasi	0.6504 (Medium)
53.02	South Central Timor Regency (Timor Tengah Selatan)	UU 69/1958	3,955.36	441,155	455,410	474,521	Soe	0.6273 (Medium)
53.03	North Central Timor Regency (Timor Tengah Utara)	UU 69/1958	2,669.70	229,803	259,829	271,277	Kefamenanu	0.6426 (Medium)
53.04	Belu Regency [16]	UU 69/1958	1,248.94	188,163	217,973	231,008	Atambua	0.6322 (Medium)
53.14	Rote Ndao Regency	UU 9/2002	1,280.10	119,908	143,764	150,521	Baa	0.6321 (Medium)
53.20	Sabu Raijua Regency	UU 52/2008	459.58	72,960	89,327	93,330	West Savu	0.5790 (Low)
53.21	Malaka Regency	UU 3/2013	1,160.63	164,134	183,898	190,994	Betun	0.6134 (Medium)
	Southeastern (Timor) group		16,252.71	1,856,910	2,159,342	2,255,120
53.05	Alor Regency (a) (Alor Archipelago)	UU 69/1958	2,928.88	190,026	211,872	221,536	Kalabahi	0.6226 (Medium)
53.13	Lembata Regency (Lomblen)	UU 52/1999	1,266.39	117,829	135,930	141,391	Lewoleba	0.6547 (Medium)
53.06	East Flores Regency (Flores Timur) (b)	UU 69/1958	1,812.58	232,605	276,896	288,310	Larantuka	0.6493 (Medium)
53.07	Sikka Regency	UU 69/1958	1,675.36	300,328	321,953	335,360	Maumere	0.6606 (Medium)
53.08	Ende Regency	UU 69/1958	2,085.19	260,605	270,763	278,581	Ende	0.6797 (Medium)
53.16	Nagekeo Regency	UU 2/2007	1,416.96	130,120	159,732	166,063	Mbay	0.6622 (Medium)
53.09	Ngada Regency	UU 69/1958	1,620.92	142,393	165,254	171,736	Bajawa	0.6826 (Medium)
53.19	East Manggarai Regency (Manggarai Timur)	UU 36/2007	2,391.45	252,744	275,603	290,790	Borong	0.623 (Medium)
53.10	Manggarai Regency (Manggarai Tengah)	UU 69/1958	1,343.83	292,451	312,855	328,758	Ruteng	0.6583 (Medium)
53.15	West Manggarai Regency (c) (Manggarai Barat)	UU 8/2003	3,141.47	221,703	256,317	270,917	Labuan Bajo	0.6492 (Medium)
	Northern (Flores) group		19,683.03	2,140,804	2,387,175	2,493,442
53.11	East Sumba Regency (Sumba Timur)	UU 69/1958	7,000.50	227,732	244,820	255,498	Waingapu	0.6617 (Medium)
53.12	West Sumba Regency (Sumba Barat)	UU 69/1958	737.42	111,993	145,097	152,414	Waikabubak	0.6443 (Medium)
53.17	Central Sumba Regency (Sumba Tengah)	UU 3/2007	2,060.54	62,485	85,482	90,521	Waibakul	0.6271 (Medium)
53.18	Southwest Sumba Regency (Sumba Barat Daya)	UU 16/2007	1,445.32	284,903	303,650	322,073	Tambolaka	0.6315 (Medium)
	Southwestern (Sumba) group		11,243.78	687,113	779,049	820,506

Notes: (a) includes Alor and Pantar islands. (b) East Flores Regency includes Adonara and Solor islands as well as the eastern part of Flores Island.
(c) West Manggarai Regency includes Komodo and Rinca islands off the west coast of Flores.

List of provincial governors

Below is a list of governors who have held office in the East Nusa Tenggara.

• W. J. Lala Mentik (1960–1965)
• El Tari (1966–1978)
• Ben Mboi (1978–1988)
• Hendrik Fernandez (1988–1993)
• Herman Musakabe (1993–1998)
• Piet Alexander Tallo (1998–2008)
• Frans Lebu Raya (2008–2018)
• Victor Laiskodat (2018–present)

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1971	2,295,287	—
1980	2,737,166	+19.3%
1990	3,268,644	+19.4%
1995	3,577,472	+9.4%
2000	3,952,279	+10.5%
2005	4,260,294	+7.8%
2010	4,683,827	+9.9%
2015	5,112,760	+9.2%
2020	5,325,566	+4.2%
2023	5,569,068	+4.6%
Source: Badan Pusat Statistik 2024 and previous

Religion in East Nusa Tenggara (2022) ^[17]

   Roman Catholic (53.61%)

   Protestantism (36.22%)

   Islam (9.44%)

   Marapu and others (0.62%)

   Hinduism (0.10%)

   Buddhism (0.01%)

The Census population of the province was 4,683,827 in 2010 ^[6] and 5,325,566 in 2020, ^[7] but the most recent estimate was 5,569,068 (as at mid 2023). ^[2]

The secondary school enrolment rate of 39% is dramatically below the Indonesian average (80% in 2003/04, according to UNESCO). Lack of clean drinking water, sanitation, and health facilities means that child malnutrition (32%) and child mortality (71 per 1000) are higher than in most of the rest of Indonesia. ^[18] Maternal and infant mortality are high partly because of poor access to health facilities in isolated rural areas. ^[19] Malaria is a significant problem in parts of the province with the result that the rate of infant mortality caused by malaria, in recent years, has been the highest across Indonesia. ^[20]

Economy

By several economic indicators, the provincial economy is weaker than the Indonesian average with high inflation (15%), unemployment (30%) and interest rates (22-24%), making it one of the poorest provinces in Indonesia.

Agriculture

The Lontar palm has high significance in local agriculture

The main part of the economic activity in the province is subsistence agriculture. Important local crops include corn and some smallholder plantation crops such as coffee. In some places such as Sumba, the lontar palm (Borassus flabellifer) dominates local agricultural activities and is a very important part of the local economy. ^[21] In these areas, the lontar palm provides timber and thatching as well as food in the form of fruits, and palm sugar which is obtained by tapping the fruit stems. The sugary sap can be used to make alcoholic drinks. In other parts of the province such as West Manggarai, the sugar palm ( Arenga pinnata ) has a useful role in the local economy. ^[22] The degree of mechanization in agriculture is low. Large animals (buffaloes, horses) are widely used throughout the province. ^[23]

Natural resources

A significant part of the economic activity in the province involves the development of natural resources, including forestry and numerous local mining ventures. Some of the activity is controversial, however, because regulatory controls over the use of natural resources are not always effective. There have been disputes in some areas over the use of land. Manganese mining, for example in the central part of the island of Timor has been controversial. ^[24] Nearby, in the Mount Mutis area to the east of Kupang, amongst some local groups there is a concern at the way local resources are being developed by mining companies. ^[25]

There is also significant activity in the informal mining sector. Across the province, villagers sometimes exploit localized opportunities to undertake unregulated mining or mineral-based projects. In West Timor, for example, in the South Central Timor Regency, villagers living near the south coast in the Kolbano area south of the town of Soe sometimes collect colored stones which, in turn, are sold to companies that export the stones to countries such as Australia, China, Malaysia, Singapore, and elsewhere. ^[26]

Aerial shot of Nihi Sumba, a resort along Nihiwatu Beach

The cultivation of seaweed is an important activity in some parts of the province. In the Alor Islands, for example, village-based informal cultivation of seaweed helps boost local incomes. Much of the seaweed is exported in unprocessed form, including to countries such as Japan in north Asia. One view is that more needs to be done to encourage further domestic processing of the seaweed to add value before export; however, the local skills and facilities for further processing are not well-developed and it is not clear that a program to encourage further processing would be successful. ^[28]

Growth and development

Levels of poverty in the province compared with other parts are Indonesia are relatively high. In 2010, 23% of the population were classified as poor (using very modest poverty lines of around $25 and $17 per person per month for urban and rural areas respectively) compared to the all-Indonesia average of 13.3%. ^[29] The numbers of street children in the province, for example, are relatively high. ^[30] Localised food shortages are common. ^[31] Around 50% of the children in the province suffer from stunting. ^[32] The challenges of promoting development and lifting living standards in a rather isolated area of Indonesia such as NTT are considerable. The main problems of development include the following:

• Differences in living standards between urban and rural areas are large; rural poverty is widespread. ^[33]
• Agriculture is underdeveloped with little use of modern technology or capital, and poor access to markets
• Deforestation, which exacerbates problems of water management and access to water in the province ^[34]
• Infrastructure in the province is underdeveloped. Roads are often poor, especially in rural areas. There is relatively little electricity throughout NTT; electricity use in 2010 was at the very low level of around 90 kWh per capita compared to the all-Indonesia rate of around 630 kWh (and often over 10,000 kWh per capita in the main OECD countries).
• Access to water is a major problem. The province is dry for much of the year and in rural areas, many of the villages must rely on unreliable and untreated local springs and other sources for water supplies. ^[35] The percentage of households relying on spring water was around 40% in 2010, the highest for any province in Indonesia and well above the all-Indonesia average of 14%. ^[36] Water shortages are thus a major local social and political issue in the province. ^[37]
• Local education and medical facilities are poor and neglected. Although the numbers of schools and local medical clinics are adequate compared to other parts of Indonesia, the quality of services provided in these institutions is often poor. And in some areas, key facilities are absent; in mid-2014 it was reported that two districts (West Manggarai and East Manggarai) did not have general hospitals. ^[38]
• Resources available to the provincial and regency governments are very limited so it is difficult for local governments to improve the supply of public services.

Tourism

Komodo dragon, a large species of lizard, lives in this province

One of the crater lakes of Kelimutu

Traditional Sumbanese houses in West Sumba

The provincial government aims to promote tourism. ^[39] There are various interesting locations in the province. ^[40] The basic infrastructure to support the tourist sector (such as transport facilities, accommodation, and adequate and reliable information) needs to be strengthened but several main features of the tourist sector in the province include: ^[41]

• Komodo Island with the well-known Komodo dragon
• Kelimutu volcano on Flores which contains 3 striking crater lakes of varying colors
• Mount Mutis to the east of Kupang, the highest point in the province and an area known for hiking & bird-watching ^[42]
• Semana Santa in Larantuka
• Traditional housing and pasola in Sumba Island
• Alor Dive in Alor Island
• Nemberalla Beach in Rote Ndao
• Pink Beach in Padar island
• Taman 17 in Riung Island

In 2016 East Nusa Tenggara was awarded 6 medals from 10 categories listed in the Anugerah Pesona Indonesia 2016. These were:

• Most popular surfing spot: Nemberala Beach, Rote Ndao Regency
• Most popular cleanliness spot: Nihiwatu Beach, West Sumba Regency
• Most popular of the historical site of Ende: Bung Karno (Indonesia's proclaimer and first Indonesia's president) Site
• Most popular diving site: Alor Island, Alor Regency
• Labuan Bajo - East of Greece
• Most popular attraction: Pasola, Southwest Sumba Regency
• Most popular highland area: three different color lakes/calderas at Mount Kelimutu, Ende. ^[43]

Various local community groups in the province work to promote the local tourist industry although, as yet, many of these activities are still somewhat underdeveloped and need strengthening. ^[44]

Well-known figures

Well-known figures from the province include the following:

• Adrianus Mooy, an economist who was governor of Bank Indonesia (1988–1993) and executive director of ESCAP
• Ben Mboi, former East Nusa Tenggara governor
• Frans Seda, a politician and finance minister (1966–1968) of Indonesia
• Herman Johannes, scientist, government minister, and Rector of Gadjah Mada University (1961–1966)
• Izaak Huru Doko, an independence fighter who organised resistance against the Dutch NICA (Netherlands-Indies Civil Administration) in the 1940s ^[45]
• Karina Nadila Niab, an actress, TV host and beauty queen, Puteri Indonesia Pariwisata 2017, represented Indonesia in Miss Supranational 2017.
• Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes, regarded as the first Indonesian radiologist in Indonesia. The W.Z Johannes hospital in Kupang is named after him. ^[46]

See also

• List of rivers of East Nusa Tenggara

References

1. "J.D.I.H. - Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat". Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2020-01-29.
2. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.53)
3. Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003
4. "Persentase Agama yang Dianut Menurut Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur 2019". www.nttprov.go.id. Archived from the original on 27 January 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
5. "Visualisasi Data Kependuduakan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2020". www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id. Retrieved 14 August 2021.
6. Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
7. Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
8. Statute of Staatsblad No. 143, 1946.
9. Government of Indonesia (11 August 1958), Establishment of the First-level Administrative Regions of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian  ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 64/1958, retrieved 2007-08-24^{[ dead link ]}
10. Government of Indonesia (9 August 1958), Establishment of the Second-level Administrative Regions under the First-level Administrative Region of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara (in Indonesian  ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 69/1958, retrieved 2007-08-24^{[ dead link ]}
11. Government of Indonesia (4 October 1999), Establishment of Lembata Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (in Indonesian  ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 52/1999, retrieved 2007-08-24^{[ dead link ]}
12. Government of Indonesia (10 April 2002), Establishment of Rote-Ndao Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (PDF) (in Indonesian  ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 9/2002, retrieved 2007-08-24^{[ dead link ]}
13. Government of Indonesia (25 February 2003), Establishment of West Manggarai Regency in the East Nusa Tenggara province (PDF) (in Indonesian  ed.), Indonesia Ministry of Law and Justice, UU No. 8/2003, retrieved 2007-08-24^{[ dead link ]}
14. "The Meto People on Mutis Mountain". Travel Destination Indonesia. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2010.
15. "[New Method] Human Development Index by Regency/City 2020-2022" (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
16. excluding population of Malaka Regency (created 2012)
17. "Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Religious Affairs. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
18. Yemris Fointuna, "Babies in East Nusa Tenggara face the threat of malnutrition", The Jakarta Post, 30 March 2011.
19. "The Ills of Medical Care in Flores" Archived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Globe, 13 April 2009.
20. Yemris Fointuna, "Malaria threatens children in E. Nusa Tenggara" Archived 2012-10-17 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Post, 27 August 2012.
21. James J. Fox (1977), Harvest of the palm: ecological change in Eastern Indonesia, Harvard University Press, Boston.
22. Markus Makur, "Abraham Manggas: Rescuing sugar palms", The Jakarta Post, 14 August 2012.
23. Markus Makur, "Horses down, buffaloes up in NTT", The Jakarta Post, 5 May 2012.
24. Yemris Fointuna, "Bishop urges a stop of manganese mining in W. Timor", The Jakarta Post, 16 April 2011.
25. Emmy Fitri, "'Indonesian Avatar' Fights Miners in Nusa Tenggara Timur" Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Globe, 15 February 2012.
26. Yemris Fointuna, "East Nusa Tenggara: Farmers shift tactics to collecting stones", The Jakarta Post, 4 August 2012.
27. Once in a Lifetime Journey (10 September 2017). "Nihi Sumba Hotel Review, the Best Hotel in the World".
28. "Farming the Alor Islands: One man's weed", The Economist, 18 December 2013.
29. Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Statistik Indonesia; Statistical Pocketbook of Indonesia: 2010, Jakarta, 2011.
30. Panca Nugraha, "NTB home to 12.000 street children", The Jakarta Post, 29 March 2012.
31. "100,000 People Facing 'Food Crisis' in Eastern Indonesia: Official" Archived 2012-01-08 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Globe, 13 September 2011.
32. Lydia Tomkiw, "Villagers Being Enlisted in Fight Against Infant Stunting" Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Globe, 13 September 2011.
33. Taco Bottema, Keppi Sukesi and Simon Seran, "NTT at a Crossroads" Archived 2013-04-10 at the Wayback Machine , 14 October 2009, a report commissioned by the United Nations in Indonesia.
34. Markus Makur, Marselinus Agot: Three million trees for Manggarai Raya', The Jakarta Post, 30 September 2011.
35. Yemris Fointuna, "Water deficit leads to consumption of dirty water", The Jakarta Post, 17 September 2012.
36. BPS statistics, op cit.
37. "10 years on E. Nusa Tenggara village still suffers from water crisis" Archived 2012-05-28 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Post, 4 May 2012.
38. Markus Makur, 'Regencies in NTT desperately need general hospitals', The Jakarta Post, 31 July 2014.
39. A useful guide to NTT which is in Indonesian but which, nevertheless, has much accessible information and maps about NTT is by Gagas Ulung (2011), Exotic NTT: 200 tempat paling menantang dan eksotis di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur: wisata alam, bahari, budaya, dan tradisi [Exotic NTT: 200 of the most challenging and exotic places in Nusa Tenggara Timur: tourism for nature, the sea, culture, and tradition], PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
40. A short guide to some of the key sites on Flores is Anett Keller, "Beauty and the East" Archived 2012-08-04 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Post Weekender, 30 November 2011
41. "NTT natural wonders to boost economic development". July 6, 2012.
42. Neville Kemp, "Bird-watching on Timor a rewarding experience" Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine , The Jakarta Post, 3 May 2005.
43. Kormelis Kaha (September 17, 2016). "NTT juara umum Anugerah Pesona Indonesia 2016".
44. Markus Makur, "Yoseph Ugis: Never give up", The Jakarta Post, 28 December 2012.
45. Tim Gudang Ilmu (2011), Pahlawan Indonesia & profilnya: edisi terlengkap [Profiles of heroes of Indonesia; a complete edition], Gudang Ilmu, Jakarta.
46. Tim Gudang Ilmu, op. cit.

External links

• Media related to East Nusa Tenggara at Wikimedia Commons
• Official website
• Official website of the NTT Tourist Office
• The NTT website of the Indonesian Central Statistics Bureau (Badan Pusat Statistik or BPS) which provides data on a range of matters in the province. Especially helpful is the annual publication NTT dalam Angka [NTT in Figures] which provides very extensive statistics about a wide range of issues.
• The quarterly reports of economic conditions in NTT issued by the provincial branch of Bank Indonesia.
• The local Kupang newspaper Pos Kupang provides local news coverage of many provincial events.
• Website on music from the islands of Roti and Lombok.