Kupang Malay

Last updated
Kupang Malay
Melayu Kupang
Native to Indonesia
Region Kupang, West Timor
Native speakers
L1: 200,000 (2015) [1]
L2: 150,000 (2015) [1]
Malay-based creole
  • Eastern Indonesian Malay
    • Kupang Malay
Language codes
ISO 639-3 mkn
Glottolog kupa1239

Kupang Malay is a Malay-based creole language spoken in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, which is on the west end of Timor Island. Kupang Malay is presently used as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communication, and it also has native speakers. [2]

Contents

It is based on archaic Malay mixed mostly with Dutch, Portuguese, and other local languages. It is similar to Ambonese Malay with several differences in vocabulary and accent. Its grammatical system resembles other Eastern Indonesian Malay creoles.

Kupang Malay originated sometime before the 17th century. [3] Kupang Malay has Rotinese influence. [4]

Phonology

Like Indonesian, words in Kupang Malay are usually stressed on the penultimate syllable. [2] Some words are stressed on the final syllable as they would be in their source languages. This results in some contrastive stress.

Examples of minimal pairs [2] :3
Kupang Malaygloss
baratwest
barátheavy
parangmachete
parángwar

Vowels

The vowels of Kupang Malay are shown in the chart below.

Monophthong phonemes [3]
Front Central Back
Close iu
Mid eo
Open a

Unlike in Indonesian, there is no schwa in Kupang Malay. [2]

Examples of words without schwa [2] :3
IndonesianKupang MalayEnglish Gloss
səlamatsalamat'greetings, safe'
kəlilingkaliling, kuliling'go around'
səbentarsabantar'a moment'
pərutparú'stomach'

The "ia ,"ie, "io",and iu,reduces to iya, iye, iyo, iyu or nua, oa, os becomes nuwa, woa, wos.

Consonants

The consonants of Kupang Malay are shown in the chart below.

Consonant phonemes [3]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive voiceless p t c k ʔ
voiced b d ɟ ɡ
Fricative f s h
Approximant l j w
Trill r

Kupang Malay has intervocalic glottal stops in some words from which originate from other local languages or Arabic. [2]

For example;

Pronouns

The pronouns in Kupang Malay differ from Indonesian as shown in the table below.

Pronouns [2] :6
PronounsIndonesianKupang Malay
First person singular
First person plural (inclusive)
First person plural (exclusive)
aku, saya
kita
kami
beta
katong
batong
Second person singular
Second person plural
kamu, engkau
kalian
lu
basong
Third person singular
Third person plural
dia
mereka
dia
dong

Morphology

Reduplication is frequent. Reduplication can express several things such as: variety, similarity, repetition, non-urgency, and aimlessness. [4]

Grammar

The word order of Kupang Malay is mixed Malay and the Helong language.

EnglishIndonesianKupang Malay
Kupang city Kota KupangKupang kota
Indonesia has already become to most populated country.Indonesia sudah menjadi negara yang teramaiIndonesiya su manjadi yang tarame

Possessives are formed by placing a possessive particle, pung after the possessor and before the possessed item.

beta

1S

pung

POSS

ruma [2] :3

house

beta pung ruma [2] :3

1S POSS house

'my house'

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian language</span> Official language of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, with over 279 million inhabitants of which the majority speak Indonesian, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various regional languages and foreign languages. Many borrowed words have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of Indonesian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malay language</span> Austronesian language of Southeast Asia

Malay is an Austronesian language that is an official language of Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, and that is also spoken in East Timor and parts of Thailand. Altogether, it is spoken by 290 million people across Maritime Southeast Asia.

Papia Kristang, or just Kristang, is a creole language spoken by the Kristang, a community of people of mixed Portuguese and Malay ancestry, chiefly in Malacca, Malaysia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macanese Patois</span> Portuguese-based creole spoken by a minority in Macau

Macanese patois, known as patuá to its speakers, is a Portuguese-based creole language with a substrate from Cantonese, Malay and Sinhala, which was originally spoken by the Macanese community of the Portuguese colony of Macau. It is now spoken by a few families in Macau and in the Macanese diaspora.

In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelantan-Pattani Malay</span> Austronesian language

Kelantan-Pattani Malay is an Austronesian language of the Malayic subfamily spoken in the Malaysian state of Kelantan, as well as in Besut and Setiu districts of Terengganu state and the Perhentian Islands, and in the southernmost provinces of Thailand. It is the primary spoken language of Thai Malays, but is also used as a lingua franca by ethnic Southern Thais in rural areas, Muslim and non-Muslim and the Sam-Sam, a mostly Thai-speaking population of mixed Malay and Thai ancestry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wariʼ language</span> Chapacuran language of Brazil and Bolivia

The Wariʼ language is the sole remaining vibrant language of the Chapacuran language family of the Brazilian–Bolivian border region of the Amazon. It has about 2,700 speakers, also called Wariʼ, who live along tributaries of the Pacaas Novos river in Western Brazil. The word wariʼ means "we!" in the Wariʼ language and is the term given to the language and tribe by its speakers.

Petjo, also known as Petjoh, Petjok, Pecok, Petjoek is a Dutch-based creole language that originated among the Indos, people of mixed Dutch and Indonesian ancestry in the former Dutch East Indies. The language has influences from Dutch and then depending on the region Javanese, Malay, Sundanese and Betawi. Its speakers presently live mostly in Indonesia and the Netherlands. The language is expected to become gradually extinct by the end of the 21st century, due to Indos' shift toward Indonesian in Indonesia and Dutch in the Netherlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lampung language</span> Language in Indonesia

Lampung or Lampungic is an Austronesian language or dialect cluster with around 1.5 million native speakers, who primarily belong to the Lampung ethnic group of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is divided into two or three varieties: Lampung Api, Lampung Nyo, and Komering. The latter is sometimes included in Lampung Api, sometimes treated as an entirely separate language. Komering people see themselves as ethnically separate from, but related to, Lampung people.

Yabem, or Jabêm, is an Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea.

Roviana is a member of the North West Solomonic branch of Oceanic languages. It is spoken around Roviana and Vonavona lagoons at the north central New Georgia in the Solomon Islands. It has 10,000 first-language speakers and an additional 16,000 people mostly over 30 years old speak it as a second language. In the past, Roviana was widely used as a trade language and further used as a lingua franca, especially for church purposes in the Western Province, but now it is being replaced by the Solomon Islands Pijin. Published studies on Roviana include: Ray (1926), Waterhouse (1949) and Todd (1978) contain the syntax of Roviana. Corston-Oliver discuss ergativity in Roviana. Todd (2000) and Ross (1988) discuss the clause structure in Roviana. Schuelke (2020) discusses grammatical relations and syntactic ergativity in Roviana.

Papuan Malay or Irian Malay is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the Indonesian part of New Guinea. It emerged as a contact language among tribes in Indonesian New Guinea for trading and daily communication. Nowadays, it has a growing number of native speakers. More recently, the vernacular of Indonesian Papuans has been influenced by Standard Indonesian, the national standard dialect. It is spoken in Indonesian New Guinea alongside 274 other languages and functions as a lingua franca.

Kove is one of the Austronesian languages of New Britain which is spoken by the people of Papua New Guinea. The language is found in 18 villages with their populations totaling 9,000 people; however, most of the people are unfamiliar with the language. Instead of using the Kove language, many of them use Tok Pisin as their daily language.

This article explains the phonology of Malay and Indonesian based on the pronunciation of Standard Malay, which is the official language of Brunei, Singapore and Malaysia, and Indonesian, which is the official language of Indonesia and a working language in Timor Leste. There are two main standards for Malay pronunciation, the Johor-Riau standard, used in Brunei and Malaysia, and the Baku, used in Indonesia and Singapore.

Teiwa is a Papuan language spoken on the Pantar island in eastern Indonesia. The island is the second largest in the Alor archipelago, lying just west of the largest island Alor.

Nuaulu is a language indigenous to the island of Seram Island in Indonesia, and it is spoken by the Nuaulu people. The language is split into two dialects, a northern and a southern dialect, between which there a communication barrier. The dialect of Nuaulu referred to on this page is the southern dialect, as described in Bolton 1991.

Neverver (Nevwervwer), also known as Lingarak, is an Oceanic language. Neverver is spoken in Malampa Province, in central Malekula, Vanuatu. The names of the villages on Malekula Island where Neverver is spoken are Lingarakh and Limap.

Ambonese Malay or simply Ambonese is a Malay-based creole language spoken on Ambon Island in the Maluku Islands of Eastern Indonesia. It was first brought by traders from Western Indonesia, then developed when the Dutch Empire colonised the Maluku Islands and was used as a tool by missionaries in Eastern Indonesia. Malay has been taught in schools and churches in Ambon, and because of this it has become a lingua franca in Ambon and its surroundings.

Karipúna French Creole, also known as Amapá French Creole and Lanc-Patuá, is a French-based creole language spoken by the Karipúna community, which lives in the Uaçá Indian Reservation in the Brazilian state of Amapá, on the Curipi and Oyapock rivers. It is mostly French-lexified except for flora and fauna terms, with a complex mix of substratum languages—most notably the Arawakan Karipúna language.

Alor Malay is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the Alor Archipelago of Indonesia. Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.

References

  1. 1 2 Kupang Malay at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Jacob, June; Grimes, Barbara Dix (2006). "Developing a role for Kupang Malay: the contemporary politics of an eastern Indonesian creole". Paper Presented by June Jacob at the Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics Held in Puerto Princesa, Palawan, Philippines.
  3. 1 2 3 Paauw, Scott H. (2009). The Malay contact varieties of Eastern Indonesia: A typological comparison. State University of New York at Buffalo.
  4. 1 2 Steinhauer, Hein (1983). "Notes on the Malay of Kupang (Timor)" (PDF). Studies in Malay dialects: 42-64.