Yaqay language

Yaqay
Native to	Indonesia
Region	South Papua
Native speakers	(10,000 cited 1987) [1]
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Fly River (Anim) Marind–Yakhai Yaqay languages Yaqay
Language codes
ISO 639-3	jaq
Glottolog	yaqa1246

Yaqay (Yakhai, Yaqai, Jakai, Jaqai) is a Papuan language spoken in Indonesia by over 10,000 people. It is also called Mapi or Sohur; dialects are Oba-Miwamon, Nambiomon-Mabur, Bapai.

According to Ethnologue, Yaqay is spoken along the south coast of Mappi Regency, along the Obaa River north to the Gandaimu area.

Phonology

The following is the phonology of Yaqay, as defined in Fonologi Bahasa Yakhai. ^[2]

Consonants

Consonants

		Labial	Dental / Alveolar	Postalveolar / Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m ⟨m⟩	n ⟨n⟩		( ŋ ⟨ngg⟩?)
Plosive	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t̪ ⟨t⟩		k ⟨k⟩	ʔ ⟨-k⟩
	voiced	b ⟨b⟩	d̪ ⟨d⟩	d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩	g ʱ ⟨gh⟩	h ⟨h⟩
Fricative		f ⟨f⟩			x ⟨kh⟩
Approximant		w ⟨w⟩	r ⟨r⟩	j ⟨y⟩

• ⟨t⟩ and ⟨d⟩ are both dental consonants, while ⟨n⟩ and ⟨r⟩ are alveolar consonants.
• ⟨j⟩ is a postalveolar consonant while ⟨y⟩ is palatal.
• /ŋ/ seems to be an allophone of /n/ found before velar consonants, like in the word yanggo/jaŋgo/ (it is unclear whether the sequence nng is pronounced /ŋg/, /ŋgʱ/, or just /ŋ/, but it seems to most likely be /ŋg/).
• The letter 'k' is only found at the beginning of words or at the end of syllables. At the beginning of a word, it's pronounced like /k/ (or /x/, see later notes), while at the end of syllables, it's pronounced /ʔ/, for example, in the word kerak/keraʔ/, meaning 'walking'.
• /x/, represented by kh, is pronounced like /k/ in some words, for example, khayafo/kajafo/, meaning 'spear'.
• /k/ is pronounced like /x/ in some words, for example, kah/xah/, meaning 'smelling'.
• The original source makes it unclear whether /h/ is the voiceless glottal fricatives [h] or a voiced glottal stop [ʡ], but it is most likely the voiceless glottal fricative [h].

Consonant Distribution

Consonant	Beginning	Center	End
/m/	Y	Y	Y
/n/	Y	Y	Y
/p/	Y	N	N
/t/	Y	Y	N
/k/	Y	N	N
/ʔ/	N	Y	Y
/b/	Y	Y	Y
/d/	Y	Y	Y
/d͡ʒ/	N	Y	N
/gʱ/	N	Y	N
/f/	Y	Y	Y
/x/	Y	N	N
/h/	Y	Y	Y
/w/	Y	Y	N
/r/	Y	Y	Y
/j/	Y	Y	N

• 'Y' means that the consonant on the left of the row occurs in the word position at the top of the column. For instance, this section of the table:

Consonant	Beginning	Center	End
/t/	Y	Y	N

• means that the consonant /t/ can be found at the beginning and center of a word, but not at the end of one.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
			Unrounded	Rounded
Close	i ⟨i⟩			u ⟨u⟩
Close mid	e ⟨e⟩		( ɤ )	o ⟨o⟩
Open mid	( ɛ )
Open		a ⟨a⟩

• /ɛ/ and /ɤ/ are sometimes considered to be the same phoneme as /e/ and /o/ respectively, while others consider them as separate phonemes that are in free variation.

Vowel Distribution

Vowel	Beginning	Center	End
/a/	Y	N	N
/i/	Y	N	N
/u/	N	N	Y
/e/	Y	N	N
/o/	N	N	Y

• A pattern can be seen here wherein front vowels /a/,/i/,and/e/ can all only occur at the beginning of syllables, while the back vowels /u/and/o/ can only occur at the ends of syllables.

Syllable Structure

The syllable structure is not explicitly stated, but it appears to be:
Maximum syllable structure: C V N C, as in the word, xobandede, meaning 'squat'.
Minimum syllable structure: C V, as in the word, xa, meaning, 'hole'.

References

1. Yaqay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. Kainakainu, Barth and Paidi, Yacobus and Rinantanti, Yulini and Morin, Izak. 1998. Fonologi bahasa Yakhai. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. 190pp. https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/2531/1/fonologi%20bahasa%20yakhai%20%20%20199.pdf

• Kriens, Ron and Randy Lebold. 2010. Report on the Wildeman River Survey in Papua, Indonesia . SIL International.

External links

• Yakhai. New Guinea World.