Banjarese | |
---|---|
basa Banjar jaku Banjar باس بنجر | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | |
Ethnicity | Banjarese |
Native speakers | L1: 4,127,124 (2010 census) [1] L1 & L2: ~10,650,000 |
Austronesian
| |
Standard forms | Standard Banjarese |
Dialects | |
Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
Regulated by | Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bjn |
Glottolog | banj1241 |
Linguasphere | 31-MFA-fd |
The Banjar or Banjarese (basa Banjar; jaku Banjar, Jawi: باس بنجر) is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by the Banjarese—an indigenous ethnic group native to Banjar regions— in the southeastern Kalimantan of Indonesia. The Banjarese language is the de facto lingua franca for various indigenous community especially in South Kalimantan, as well as Central Kalimantan (notably in Seruyan Regency and Sukamara Regency) and East Kalimantan in general.
Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.
There are at least three divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:
According to Cense, [6] the Banjar Hulu dialect are predominantly spoken by Banjarese people in the South Hulu Sungai Regency and North Hulu Sungai Regency regions.
The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable: [7]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ( ʔ ) |
voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | s | h | ||||
Lateral | l | |||||
Rhotic | r | |||||
Approximant | w | j |
Sudarmo finds five monophthongs: [7]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Mid | ɛ | ( ə ) | o |
Open | a |
Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese: [2]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i | u | |
Open | a |
Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/,/au/,/ui/. Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.
The standard alphabet is as follows: [8]
Alphabet | ||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | c | d | é | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ny | ng | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | y |
Phonetic value | ||||||||||||||||||||||
a | b | tʃ | d | ɛ | ɡ | h | i | dʒ | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | p | r | s | t | u | w | j |
South Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. It is the second most populous province on the island of Kalimantan, the Indonesian territory of the island of Borneo after West Kalimantan. The provincial capital was Banjarmasin until 15 February 2022 when it was legally moved 35 kms southeast to Banjarbaru. The population of South Kalimantan was recorded at just over 3.625 million people at the 2010 Census, and at 4.07 million at the 2020 Census. The official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,221,929. One of the five Indonesian provinces in Kalimantan, it is bordered by the Makassar Strait in the east, Central Kalimantan in the west and north, the Java Sea in the south, and East Kalimantan in the northeast. The province also includes the island of Pulau Laut, located off the eastern coast of Kalimantan, as well as other smaller offshore islands. The province is divided into 11 regencies and 2 cities. South Kalimantan is the traditional homeland of the Banjar people, although some parts of East Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan are also included in this criterion. Nevertheless, South Kalimantan, especially the former capital city Banjarmasin has always been the cultural capital of Banjarese culture. Many Banjarese have migrated to other parts of Indonesia, as well as neighbouring countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. In addition, other ethnic groups also inhabit the province, such as several groups of the Dayaks, who mostly live in the interior part of the province, as well as the Javanese, who mostly migrated from Java due to the Transmigration program which dated from the Dutch colonial era. It is one of the provinces in Indonesia that has a larger population than Mongolia.
East Kalimantan is a province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census, 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census; the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,030,488. Its capital is the city of Samarinda.
Banjarmasin is a largest city in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. It was the capital of the province until 15 February 2022. The city is located on a delta island near the junction of the Barito and Martapura rivers. Historically the centre of the Banjarese culture, and the capital of the Sultanate of Banjar, it is the biggest city in South Kalimantan and one of the main cities of Kalimantan. The city covers an area of 98.46 km2 (38.02 sq mi) and had a population of 625,481 as of the 2010 Census and 657,663 as of the 2020 Census; the official estimate as of mid 2023 was 675,915. It is the third most populous city on the island of Borneo.
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Negara Daha was a Hindu kingdom successor of Negara Dipa that appears in the Hikayat Banjar. It was located in what is now the Regency of Hulu Sungai Selatan, Province of South Kalimantan, Republic of Indonesia.
The Banjar or Banjarese are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the Banjar regions in the southeastern Kalimantan regions of Indonesia. Nowadays, Banjarese diaspora can be found in neighbouring Banjar regions as well; including Kotabaru Regency, the southeastern regions of Central Kalimantan, southernmost regions of East Kalimantan, and some provinces of Indonesia in general. The Banjarese diaspora community also can be found in neighbouring countries of Indonesia, such as Brunei, Malaysia, and Singapore.
Lampung or Lampungic is an Austronesian language or dialect cluster with around 1.5 million native speakers, who primarily belong to the Lampung ethnic group of southern Sumatra, Indonesia. It is divided into two or three varieties: Lampung Api, Lampung Nyo, and Komering. The latter is sometimes included in Lampung Api, sometimes treated as an entirely separate language. Komering people see themselves as ethnically separate from, but related to, Lampung people.
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Lawangan is an Austronesian language of the East Barito group. It is spoken by about 100,000 Lawangan people living in the central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Lawangan has a high degree of dialectal diversity.
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Jukung tambangan is a traditional boat made by the Banjar people of South Kalimantan. They are mainly used for riverine transportation. It is already present at least since mid-18th century. They were not seen anymore in Banjarmasin ca. 1950s and around the 1970s on the Nagara River, Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency.
Banjarese cuisine is the cooking tradition and cuisine of Banjar people of South Kalimantan in Indonesia. Banjar cuisine also found in neighbor countries as following Brunei, Malaysia to Singapore.
Yusran Effendi, also known by the stage name John Tralala, was an Indonesian artist and comedian. He was a recognized master of a Banjarese improvised comedy genre called Madihin. He performed on national stages for audiences which included Indonesian presidents Suharto and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
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