Indonesian slang

Last updated
Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian
Bahasa Gaul, Bahasa Indonesia Gaul, Bahasa Indonesia dialek Jakarta
Native to Indonesia
Region Indonesia, especially in urban areas, particularly Jakarta
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog cjin1234   Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian

Indonesian slang vernacular (Indonesian : bahasa gaul, Betawi : basa gaul), or Jakarta colloquial speech (Indonesian : bahasa informal, bahasa sehari-hari) is a term that subsumes various urban vernacular and non-standard styles of expression used throughout Indonesia that are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Regional slang from the capital of Jakarta, based on Betawi language, is however heavily exposed and promoted in national media, and considered the de facto Indonesian slang.[ citation needed ] Despite its direct origins, Indonesian slang often differs quite significantly in both vocabulary and grammatical structure from the most standard form of Indonesia's national language. These expressions are neither standardized nor taught in any formal establishments, but rather function in daily discourse, usually in informal settings. Several dictionaries of bahasa gaul has been published. Indonesian speakers regularly mix several regional slangs in their conversations regardless of origin, but depending on the audience and the familiarity level with the listeners.

Contents

History

Simplified overview of progress of the development of standard Indonesian and Indonesian slang. Infografis Bahasa Indonesia.png
Simplified overview of progress of the development of standard Indonesian and Indonesian slang.

It is exactly unclear when the slang was first appeared in conversation. However, the earliest documented use of the slang started during the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia around the 1860s and 1870s. Its native name, bahasa gaul (the 'social language'), was a term coined in the late 1990s where bahasa means 'language' and gaul means 'social', 'cool' or 'trendy'. [1] Similarly, the term bahasa prokem (a more outdated name for Indonesian slang) created in the early 1970s means 'the language of gangsters'. [2] Prokem is a slang form of the word préman 'gangster' and was derived from the Dutch word vrijman, which literally means 'freeman'. [2] [3]

Indonesian slang is predominantly used in everyday conversation, social milieus, among popular media and, to a certain extent, in teen publications or pop culture magazines. [2] For those living in more urbanized regions of Indonesia, Indonesian slang language often functions as the primary language medium for communication in daily life. [2] While it would be unusual to communicate orally with people on a casual basis with very formal Indonesian, the use of proper or 'good and correct' Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar) is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst some members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other more formal situations. [3]

Indonesian slang has evolved rapidly. This is, in part, due to its vocabulary that is often so different from that of standard Indonesian and Malaysian and also because so many new words (both original and foreign) are quite easily incorporated into its increasingly wide vocabulary list. However, as with any language, the constant changing of the times means that some words become rarely used or are rendered obsolete as they are considered to be outdated or no longer follow modern day trends. [3]

Classification

At present, there is no formal classification for Indonesian slang language but it is purportedly and erroneously claimed by many to be essentially a manipulated and popularized form of the Indonesian (the national language of Indonesia). This is not true in the case of Jakartan bahasa gaul, as it is primarily based on the Betawi language.

Indonesian is part of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. According to the Ethnologue, Indonesian is modelled after Riau Malay, a form of Old Malay originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra. [4] Betawi language is classified as Malay-based creole.

Geographic distribution

Indonesian slang language is mostly spoken in urban regions of the Indonesian archipelago. It also spoken in some Indonesian soap operas and animated television series (such as Tukang Ojek Pengkolan or Adit Sopo Jarwo ). Variations of slang language can be found from city to city, mainly characterised by derivatives of the different local ethnic languages. For example, in Bandung, West Java, the local slang language contains vocabulary from the Sundanese language, while the slang found in Jakarta tends to be heavily influenced by English or the old Batavian dialect (i.e. the language of the original inhabitants of Jakarta or Batavia as it was known during the Dutch colonial period). For more information relating to the geographic distribution of Indonesian slang and regional influences, please see "Region Specific Slang" below.

Official status

Indonesian slang language is not an official language of Indonesia. However, it is claimed as a modified form of the Indonesian language and is widely used for everyday communication and in informal situations. Sometimes it is mixed with formal Indonesian in formal situations, except during state ceremonies, business meetings, and sacred prayers. A number of Indonesians sometimes speak a mixture of Indonesian slang and formal Indonesian in everyday conversation and informal situations.

Sounds

Indonesian slang generally uses the same pronunciation as standard Indonesian, although there are many influences from regional dialects on certain aspects such as accent and grammatical structure. Loan words adopted from foreign languages (especially European) such as English or Dutch are often transliterated according to the modern Indonesian orthography. For example, the word "please" is often written as plis. Another closely related phenomenon to arise in recent years is the formation of complex nouns or phrases created using a combination of English and Indonesian (slang) in the one sentence. A prime example of this is the phrase "so what gitu loh!", meaning "who cares?!" or quite simply "so what!" with added emphasis from the phrase "gitu loh". Gitu is an abbreviated form of the Indonesian word begitu meaning 'like that/such as', while loh (also spelt lho) is a particle commonly used in slang or conversational Indonesian to show surprise or instigate a warning. In these cases of combined, interlingual phrases, the original spelling (and quite often the pronunciation) of the foreign word(s) are retained. Hence, the English component of the Indonesian slang phrase "so what gitu loh!" remains relatively unchanged as far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned.

Grammar

The overall structure of Indonesian slang is not all that different from formal Indonesian, although in many cases sentences are simplified or shortened when necessary. The differences between formal and colloquial Indonesian are most evident in vocabulary and grammatical structures (e.g. affixes).

Vocabulary

No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, with colloquial Indonesian features: DILARANG NYAMPAH ('do not litter') No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda.jpg
No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, with colloquial Indonesian features: DILARANG NYAMPAH ('do not litter')
A film with a title Gagak Item, which released in 1939. The word item is still used today in Indonesian slang. Gagak Item ad 2.jpg
A film with a title Gagak Item , which released in 1939. The word item is still used today in Indonesian slang.

The structure of the Indonesian slang language is mostly derived from formal Indonesian. However, it's vocabularies are different story altogether. Indonesian slang vocabularies are enriched by a combination of derivatives or loan words/structures from foreign languages such as Min Nan commonly referred to as Hokkien, English, and Dutch, as well as local ethnic languages such as Batavian, Sundanese, and Javanese. However, in many cases, new words are simply created at random and their origins often quite obscure.

A large proportion of the vocabulary used in Indonesian slang language was developed from formal Indonesian through several methods, [5] most of which are listed below:

Some words are simply loaned from English. For example:

Some words are also loaned from Chinese languages (mainly Hokkien and Mandarin). For example:

Some words originated from the LGBT community (especially among transvestites) usually have word ending -ong. This either come from the pattern of changing the vocal of the penult into [ɛ] and replacing the rime of the ultima with -ong, or entirely different origin. This was also an attempt among LGBT community to alter the words to become more "French-sounding", thus sounding more sexy.[ citation needed ] For example:

Many words also emerged without following the above rules at all or have their own unique history and/or origin not related to its literal meaning. For example:

Particles

One of the advertising in Jakarta with the particle kok. Senayan MRT Station indoor.jpg
One of the advertising in Jakarta with the particle kok.

Many slang modal particles are used in the end of a sentence. Usually, these particles do not directly change the sentence's meaning, in the sense that the truth conditions remain the same. However, they can have other effects, such as emphasizing a sentence, or suggesting hesitancy. They can be used to reinforce the social link between speaker and listener. [51]

For example, the sentence Dia datang (she/he comes) could be modified by one of the following particles:

Particles can also be used to introduce questions. The following examples could both be translated as How could she come?:

Vocabulary evolution

Pre-1980s

Kumpul kebo literally means 'water buffalo-style gathering' or 'gather like cattle'. It originated during the Dutch colonial era and was known as koempoel gebouw, from koempoel 'to gather' and Dutch gebouw 'building', thus the phrase means to live together under the same roof (as an unmarried couple). Confusion has caused this term to be linked with Javanese kebo 'buffalo'. This term basically means that two people in a relationship are living together without being married, i.e. in a domestic partnership or a de facto relationship. To kumpul kebo in Indonesia is considered immoral and sometimes illicit. For these reasons and also those relating to religion, Asian culture, and general ethics, it is often frowned upon in modern Indonesian society to do such a thing.

1980s

The 1980s was the era of bahasa prokem. At this time slang language vocabulary was formed by the insertion of the infix -ok-, creating a totally new word. Prokem itself is a prokem word from préman.

Prokem words created by reducing the ultima, then inserting the infix -ok- before the vocal of the penult (which is now become the ultima). If the penult is an open syllable, the penult taking the nearest consonant after it as its coda. If the word is monosyllabic, the infix simply inserted before the vocal. Examples are given below, with the vocal of the penult marked with bold and the nearest consonant marked with underscore:

The word sekolah 'school' was transformed into skokul, from skul, reminiscent of the English word "school". This word slowly become outdated and by the 1990s the word was no longer used, and changed to sekul or simply skul.

Other notable words such as mémblé 'ugly, frowning', kecé 'beautiful, good looking' (from keren cekali 'very cool'), the sentence attribute nih yé, and the exclamation "alamakjan!" all emerged in the same decade.

New Millennium

Much of the slang language created post-2000 originated from the Indonesian LGBT community. The latest method for transforming a word is to take a totally different word which differs in its ultima, rime, or coda. For example, the word mau 'want' is replaced with the word mawar 'rose'. Despite its creativity and originality, this latest form of Indonesian slang can be quite complicated to understand, even to the native Indonesians themselves. For example, "Akika tinta mawar macarena" originates from the sentence written in proper Indonesian "Aku tidak mau makan", which means 'I don't want to eat'.

The abbreviations often used to mask insult, such as kamseupay 'totally lame', abbreviation of kampungan sekali udik payah which means 'really bumpkinish, yokel, lame'.

Region specific slang

Medan slang

Medan is the capital of North Sumatra Province. Most of the slang from Medan are heavily influenced by Malay, Hokkien and Karo language. For example, "bapa" for "father", "nande" for "mother", "kedé" for "shop", "tutup lampu" for "turn off the light", "buka radio" for "turn on the radio". Another example of Medan slang is by adding "punya" at the end of the sentence. For example, "mobil aku punya" for "my car". They also have the tendency to confuse between e and é.

Jambi & Palembang slang

Jambi and Palembang slang mostly involves changing the letter at the end of the word with letter 'o'. However, not all words can be modified to include the characteristic 'o', as this rule applies mostly to words ending with the letter 'a'. Sometimes Palembang use shorter-version of word by erase first syllables, like 'segala' in standard Malay-Indonesian to 'galo'.

Another characteristic pattern of Jambi and Palembang slang involves the addition or replacement of the final letter of a word with 'k'.

Another classic Malay Sumatran dialect also prevailed in most of Sumatran cities, from Palembang to Bengkulu, Jambi and Pekanbaru. These classical Malay words such as nian is used in Sumatran cities instead of sangat or banget (very).

Jakarta slang

Jakarta including Botabek is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of more than 20 million people. Consequently, such a huge population will undoubtedly have a role in the Jakarta slang evolution. Much of the slang evolved from the Betawi dialect.

Some prominent examples:

The following words are taken from Hokkien (Fukkien) Chinese, and commonly used in transactions.

However, many Indonesians of non-Chinese descent do not know the meaning of the transaction words above, probably with the exception of Goceng due to its usage on KFC Indonesia's advertising on their "Goceng" products, in which all "Goceng" menus are sold at the IDR 5000 price range. Sometimes the word "perak", literally "silver", is used to describe small denominations of currency.

South Jakarta slang

This slang is a code mixing between Indonesian and English. It is named after South Jakarta. Some iconic English words used in this slang include which is, like, literally, sometimes, basically, and some Indonesian words + -ly exp (jujurly). Code mixing with English does not only occur in Jakarta, but also in other major cities in Indonesia. [52]

Negative sentiments on this slang caused this given the name "fart language" (Indonesian : bahasa kentut) by some. [53] [54]

Sundanese slang

In the West Java and Banten region, the main place for Sundanese speakers, there are several words or phrases belonging to the slang language. This diversity of slang has its own peculiarities in each region in West Java Province.

Bandung slang

Bandung is the capital city of West Java province with a predominantly Sundanese culture. The Sundanese language has three levels or forms, namely: high (polite), middle class, and low (impolite). Bandung slang often uses the Low Sundanese pronouns along with the many other Sundanese translations of popular Indonesian.

Some examples:

  • Uing (from kuring) - I/me
  • Didieu (from di dieu, actually mean 'here') - I/me
  • Didinya (from di dinya, actually mean 'there') - You
  • Euy - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express excitement and surprise
  • Da - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express certainty and emphasizes the meaning, somehow similar to Japanese "desu".
  • Sok - meaning 'pleasure'
  • O'on (from Bolo'on) or Oneng (from the name of a slow witted character in Sinetron Bajaj Bajuri) - stupid, dim witted
  • Belegug - stupid
  • Aslina - (from word asli 'real', plus a suffix -na) which is mean 'for real'.
  • Anying - (from word anjing, but change 'j' to 'y') which is mean 'fuck'
  • Jangar - headache
  • Stoppan - meaning transportation stop in 'traffic light'
  • Aliran - meaning 'power outage'
  • Kantong - meaning 'bag'

Bogor slang

Bogor is a city in the province of West Java with the former Kingdom of Sunda Padjajaran, Bogor slang is Sundanese with its influence from Indonesian language and sometimes uses Sundanese with the word pronounced backwards.

Sukabumi slang

Sukabumi slang the language is a non-standard variety of Sundanese language that is often used in Sukabumi, West Java in the Tipar area, because Widal itself means Tipar.

This Sani or Widal language can also be called slang or slang in the Sundanese dialect, where the pronunciation of the letters in the consonants changes.

For example, the letter G becomes S, J becomes C, and 'ng' becomes 'ny' and so on.

Javanese slang

These slangs are shared across Central Java and Yogyakarta where Javanese is predominantly spoken. Like Sundanese which are spoken in Bandung, Javanese also has 3 different set of vocabularies, based on the politeness level. Common people usually talk with a mix between low-Javanese, middle-Javanese, and Indonesian. Some non-Javanese residents added their own dialects to the pot, resulting what is called the Central Java slang

Jogjakarta

Jogjakarta slang is also known as Basa Walikan, literally means 'Reverse Language' .

It is a transformation of Javanese, in which Javanese consonants are switched with one another, as shown below:

With the above rules, the expletive expression Matamu! (which literally means: 'Your Eyes!') becomes Dagadu!. The following website automatically performs this transformation: Walikan Translator

Malang

A ribbon which reads Otos tahes, which means healthy soto in Walikan Malang language. Spanduk dengan bahasa walikan Malang.jpg
A ribbon which reads Otos tahes, which means healthy soto in Walikan Malang language.

Malang slang is inverted alphabetical word (mostly from Javanese and little bit from Indonesian). Commonly known in Javanese as Boso Walikan Malang (Reversed: Osob Kiwalan Ngalam. Meaning: Malang's Reversed language). The slang started appearing sometime in 1949 when the people at Malang's Gerilya Rakyat Kota (GRK meaning City People's Guerilla) needed a form of communication method that is unknown to the occupying Dutch intelligence (Both to the Dutchman, and the recruited natives) while maintaining typical daily conversation. Thus, the idea to reverse Javanese and Indonesian words was born. The goal of the creation of the language is to maintain plan secrecy, prevent leakage of information, and to confuse the enemy. [55] At First, the language was only known amongst the guerillas. Further adding the language's purpose as an identifier whether that person is a friend or foe. But after the Dutch retreated from the city, the language remained and becoming more widespread amongst the people of Malang and its surroundings. In recent years, the technique of reversing words has become more popular nationwide and played a role in creating modern Indonesian slang. Words such as Ngab (From: Abang meaning 'Older Brother'), Sabi (From: Bisa meaning 'Be able to..' or 'Can') or Kuy (From: Yuk meaning 'Let's go') owes credit to Malang's Reversed Language.

Examples:

Sam = Mas (Older brother. Javanese version of 'Abang' or 'Bang')

Ongis Nade= Singo Edan (the nickname of Arema Cronus F.C.)

Helum= Muleh (Go home)

Ublem= Mlebu (Enter)

Utem= Metu (Exit)

Ojob= Bojo (Husband/Wife)

Oges= Sego (Rice)

Rajajowas= Sawojajar (an area in Malang)

Oyoborus= Suroboyo

Ngalam= Malang

Kera Ngalam= Arek Malang (lit. The kid of Malang. Referring to The People of Malang)

Libom= Mobil (Car)

Nawak Ewed = Kawan Dewe (Your own Friend/s)

Silup= Pulis (Police (Although the Javanese word for police is the same as in Indonesian, Polisi. they altered the word slightly to make it less obvious))

Surabaya

As the second largest city in Indonesia and the capital of East Java, Surabaya uses a rougher dialect of Javanese and has a fairly complete list of its own slang. Javanese language originated from the Central Javanese farmland and by the time it reached the coastal area of East Java, it changed from its original polite form into a more impolite version with the creation or further adaptation of many new 'Javanese-style' words and swearwords. One of the most notable Surabaya slang is the word Jancok.

Pontianak slang

Pontianak slang is influenced by Malay, Teochew and Dayak and sometimes combined with Hakka. It is spoken in the Malay dialect. These slang varieties are spoken throughout West Kalimantan.

Makassarese slang

Makassarese slang is highly influenced by the native Makassarese dialect and sometimes combined with Chinese accents. The slang, in the end, sounds more informal and 'rude', as going with the tough image of Makassarese people. The possessive word for you (kamu) has three degrees of politeness: -ta (very formal and respectful), -mu (neutral), and -nu (informal). For example:

Meanwhile, the word for you itself is divided into two, the formal ki and the informal ko.

Ini mi? -> 'This one?' Biarkan mi -> 'Let it go' Ko sudah belajar mi? -> 'Have you studied?'. Ko derives from the informal Indonesian word Kau, which stands for 'you'. Sudah dimulaimi itu ulangan? -> 'Has the exam started?', literally, 'Has-been started-the exam?'

Ji is also often used in the end of words. Most often, it means 'only', or used to give a more assuring tone to a sentence.

Di functions more like a question tag, read with a glottal stop at the end, which makes it to be 'dik'

Aside from that, Makassarese more often speak with a heavier accent, mixing many of the Indonesian words with native Makassar words.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Indonesian language</span> Official language of Indonesia

Indonesian is the official and national language of Indonesia. It is a standardized variety of Malay, an Austronesian language that has been used as a lingua franca in the multilingual Indonesian archipelago for centuries. Indonesia is the fourth most populous nation in the world, with over 279 million inhabitants of which the majority speak Indonesian, which makes it one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Indonesian vocabulary has been influenced by various regional languages and foreign languages. Many borrowed words have been adapted to fit the phonetic and grammatical rules of Indonesian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javanese language</span> Austronesian language

Javanese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia. There are also pockets of Javanese speakers on the northern coast of western Java. It is the native language of more than 68 million people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jawi script</span> Arabic alphabet used in Southeast Asia

Jawi is a writing system used for writing Malay and several languages of Southeast Asia, such as Acehnese, Banjarese, Kerinci, Magindanawn, Mëranaw, Minangkabau, Tausūg, and Ternate. Jawi is based on the Arabic script, consisting of all of the original 31 Arabic letters, and six additional letters constructed to fit the phonemes native to Malay, and an additional phoneme used in foreign loanwords, but not found in Classical Arabic, which are ca, nga, pa, ga, va, and nya.

In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.

Indonesian names and naming customs reflect the multicultural and multilingual nature of the over 17,000 islands in the Indonesian archipelago. The world's fourth most populous country, Indonesia is home to more than 1300 ethnic groups, each with their own culture, custom, and language. The Javanese are the largest single group, comprising around 40 percent of Indonesia's total population.

Indonesian and Malaysian Malay are two standardised varieties of the Malay language, the former used officially in Indonesia and the latter in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Both varieties are generally mutually intelligible, yet there are noticeable differences in spelling, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary, as well as the predominant source of loanwords. The differences can range from those mutually unintelligible with one another, to those having a closer familial resemblance. The regionalised and localised varieties of Malay can become a catalyst for intercultural conflict, especially in higher education.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cirebonese people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

The Cirebon or Cirebonese are an indigenous ethnic group native to Cirebon in the northeastern region of West Java, Indonesia. With a population of approximately 1.9 million, Cirebonese population, they are mainly adherents of Sunni Islam. Their native language is the Cirebonese, which is a form of mixed language between the Javanese and Sundanese, with a heavier influence from Javanese.

<i>Topeng</i> dance Indonesian traditional dance

Topeng is a dramatic form of Indonesian dance in which one or more mask-wearing ornately costumed performers interpret traditional narratives concerning fabled kings, heroes, and myths, accompanied by gamelan or other traditional music instruments. Topeng dance is a typical Indonesian dance that can be found in various regions of Indonesia. Topeng dance has the main characteristic that the dancers use masks to cover their faces. The dance will usually be performed by one dancer or a group of dancers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betawi people</span> Ethnic group in Indonesia

Betawi people or Batavians, are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts, as such often described as the native inhabitants of the city. They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia from the 17th century onwards.

Betawi, also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay is the spoken language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</span> Overview of ethnic groups in Indonesia

There are 1,340 recognised ethnic groups in Indonesia. The vast majority of those belong to the Austronesian peoples, with a sizeable minority being Melanesians. Indonesia has the world's largest number of Austronesians and Melanesians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Indonesia</span> Overview of the languages spoken in Indonesia

More than 700 living languages are spoken in Indonesia. This figure indicates that Indonesia has about 10% of the world's languages, establishing its reputation as the second most linguistically diverse nation in the world after Papua New Guinea. Most languages belong to the Austronesian language family, while there are over 270 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese.

<i>Sembah</i> Indonesian greeting and gesture as a way of demonstrating respect and reverence

Sembah is an Indonesian greeting and gesture of respect and reverence. While performing the sembah, one clasps their palms together solemnly in a prayer-like fashion called suhun or susuhun in Javanese; or menyusun jari sepuluh in Indonesian and Malay, placing them in front of their chest and moving the pressed palms up to their chin, or all the way up until their thumbs touch the tip of their nose, while bowing slightly. Any of these two forms are made depending on the status of the person greeted.

Malay grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Malay language and Indonesian. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. In Malay and Indonesian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes.

<i>Dodol</i> Indonesian sweet toffee

Dodol is a sweet toffee-like sugar palm-based confection commonly found in Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Originating from the culinary traditions of Indonesia, it is also popular in Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Southern India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Burma, where it is called mont kalama. It is made from coconut milk, jaggery, and rice flour, and is sticky, thick, and sweet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Sundanese language</span> Earliest recorded stage of the Sundanese language

Old Sundanese is the earliest recorded stage of the Sundanese language which is spoken in the western part of Java, Indonesia. The evidence is recorded in inscriptions from around the 12th to 14th centuries and ancient palm-leaf manuscripts from the 15th to 17th centuries AD. Old Sundanese is no longer used today, but has developed into its descendant, modern Sundanese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jajan pasar</span> Traditional cakes from Java, Indonesia

Jajan pasar refers to traditional Javanese cakes sold in Javanese markets.

Cirebon Sundanese is a variety of conversation in Sundanese in the ex-Residency of Cirebon and its surroundings, which includes Kuningan, Majalengka, Cirebon, Indramayu and Subang as well as Brebes in Central Java.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brebes Sundanese</span> Sundanese dialect

Brebes Sundanese is the dialect of Sundanese language used by some people in Brebes Regency, Central Java, especially in the southern and southwestern parts of the region. The area of Brebes Regency is one of the districts in Central Java which borders the West Java region.

References

  1. "Indonesian slang language - Personal Mind of ASEP". asep.us. 30 June 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "The History of Indonesian Slang or Bahasa Gaul". lia.com.sg. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 http://repository.tufs.ac.jp/bitstream/10108/84123/2/nusa5802.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  4. "Indonesian, A language of Indonesia". Ethnologue Languages of the World. Retrieved 10 July 2012.
  5. "Bahasa ABG dalam Cerpen Remaja: Implikasi Pengajarannya bagi Siswa/i Sekolah Menegah di Australia". ialf.edu. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
  6. Saraswaty, Ficca Ayu. "Arti Kata 'Sagapung' dalam Bahasa Gaul, Populer di Kolom Komen Medsos, Ini Pengertian dan Contohnya". Tribun News (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  7. "Adhisty Zara Tutup Kolom Komentar Instagram, Ogah Dibully karena Skandal?". suara.com (in Indonesian). 2021-07-31. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
  8. "Arti Kata Ebol". serbatahu.com (in Indonesian). 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-01-07.
  9. 1 2 Fikrillah, Muhammad (2012-05-09). ""Bupati" dan "Sekwilda" itu menyebalkan!". bimakini.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-09-20.
  10. Handayani, Maulida Sri. "Tak Perlu Kekerasan untuk Mendidik Pecinta Alam". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  11. "Arti Ngab, Ngabers, dan Panggilan Gaul Lain di Media Sosial". KapanLagi. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  12. Medina, Mecca (12 March 2021). "Sering Dipakai di Media Sosial, Apa Arti Kata "Ngab"?". GGWP ID. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  13. "Arti Kata Tubir". Bahasa Daring. January 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  14. "Ini Loh Bahasa Gaul di Anak-anak Sekolah Jakarta". Tribunjambi.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  15. warnawarniduniaara (2012-05-29). "Sebentuk cerita masa SMA Part I". warnawarniduniaara (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  16. Youthmanual. "Kamu Belum "Sah" Jadi Anak SMA Kalau Belum…". Rencanamu (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-24.
  17. "Arti Kata Backstreet Dalam Hubungan Pacaran, Kamus Bahasa Gaul Terbaru". Tribun News (in Indonesian). 14 November 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  18. "Mengenal Istilah Backstreet dalam Percintaan yang Populer di Awal 2000-an". Kumparan.com (in Indonesian). 29 March 2021. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
  19. Antonius, Jonathan (13 October 2020). "Bang Jago Itu Siapa? Ini Dia Sosok Aslinya di Dunia Nyata!". GGWP ID. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  20. "Ini Resep Penghilang Hangover Paling Manjur dari Salah Satu Koki Terbaik Dunia". 3 December 2019.
  21. 1 2 Froyonion, Fadhil. "6 CARA MENGATASI 'HANGOVER' ATAU BASIAN BUAT LO YANG DOYAN MINUM". Froyonion (in Indonesian). Retrieved 16 February 2024.
  22. "Pengertian Buzzer dan BuzzeRp » Katalisnet". Katalisnet (in Indonesian). 2020-11-22. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  23. "Tren Penggunaan Istilah Cebong, Kampret, Kadrun & BuzzeRp di Medsos sejak 2015". merdeka.com (in Indonesian). 2022-04-18. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  24. "Sejarah Cebong Kampret dalam Politik Indonesia". TAGAR (in Indonesian). 2017-12-23. Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  25. "Saling Ledek Jokowi-Kaesang, dari Kecebong ke Cukur Mbatok". Tempo.co (in Indonesian). 27 May 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  26. "Dari bani daster sampai IQ 200 sekolam, 'kamus nyinyir' berbagai istilah di medsos yang diperbarui". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  27. Abdi, Husnul (2022-06-17). "Cepu Artinya Informan Polisi, Kenali Maknanya dalam Bahasa Gaul". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  28. Arjanto, Dwi (2023-02-23). "Soal Cepu di Kasus Teddy Minahasa: Muasal Istilah Bahasa Gaul Cepu". Tempo. Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  29. Trias Maharani, Dinda Charmelita (2023-04-01). "Bahasa Gaul Chuaks Lagi Viral di Media Sosial, Apa Artinya?". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2023-08-01.
  30. https://www.goal.com/id/berita/mengapa-fans-barcelona-disebut-decul-di-indonesia/1xdvkgdhqt1yc1u8n35325pzks
  31. 1 2 Rizky, Purnama Ayu (10 September 2021). "Habis Feminis SJW, Terbitlah 'Fafifu Wasweswos'". magdalene.co. Magdalene. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  32. Martevalenia, Benedikta Ave (12 October 2022). "Fenomena Sapaan 'Halo Dek' Oknum Berseragam dan Bidan, Korban: Idih Ilfeel!". Liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  33. Pur, Mas (9 February 2021). "Arti Jamet". freedomsiana.id. Freedomsiana. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  34. 1 2 Hastanto, Ikhwan (29 May 2020). "Mengulik Penyebab Munculnya Istilah Peyoratif Jamet, Kuproy, dan Pembantu Jawa". vice.com. Vice Indonesia. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  35. Abdi, Husnul (26 October 2020). "Apa itu Jamet? Pahami Maknanya dan Istilah Gaul Lainnya". liputan6.com. Liputan 6 News. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  36. Gusmulyadi, Hendry (26 October 2020). "Jamet Artinya Apa Sih? Ini Arti Jamet & Bahasa Gaul Lainnya, Ada Bucin, Ambyar, Gabut Hingga Sekut". tribunnews.com. Tribun News. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  37. Damarjati, Danu. "Asal Mula Istilah Kampret-Kadrun: Dari Persaingan Jokowi Vs Prabowo". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  38. Ikhsan, M. "Awal Mula Munculnya Istilah Cebong, Kampret, Kadrun di Medsos". teknologi (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-06-03.
  39. Tysara, Laudia (19 October 2020). "Arti Jamet Kuproy yang Gambarkan Sosok Metal Berpenampilan Seadanya". liputan6.com. Liputan 6 News. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
  40. Salim, Indira (2013-05-28). "Kalo "CINTA" Jangan Lebay…!!". Indira Salim. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  41. DISKUSI DENGAN RT. 6 ALAYYUBI TV-BAPA ITU YESUS ATAU BUKAN , retrieved 2022-06-12
  42. Q&A #03 MEMAHAMI SURGA RT6 (TETANGGA RT SEBELAH) , retrieved 2022-06-12
  43. Warga RT 6 Menelpon Christian Prince , retrieved 2022-06-12
  44. Ajaran RT 06 Takut Berhadapan Dengan Sejarah - Silahkan Anda Simak Ya... , retrieved 2022-06-12
  45. HMC, Julius (4 July 2022). "Sejarah Berdirinya RT 1 & 2, sampai Munculnya RT 16 dan RT 20". YouTube. Hidayah Muallaf Channel. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  46. Ben Abraham, Vallent (21 May 2022). "Buat Warga RT 16 Tunjukkan Ayatnya Di Mana Ada Kata Bahwa Tuhan Itu Trinitas Dalam Alkitab Kristen". YouTube. Response to Missionaries. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  47. HMC, Julius (15 July 2022). "Warga RT 16 sangat ingin Membaptis Celup Ustad Zuma selama 30 Menit". YouTube. Debat Panas by Hidayah Muallaf Channel. Retrieved 1 September 2022.
  48. In Indonesian https://www.kompas.tv/article/229402/ternyata-ini-lho-asal-usul-kata-segede-gaban
  49. Agustria, M (16 January 2020). "Arti Kata Sekut ? Kata yang Sering di Sebut Dalam Bahasa Gaul, Ini Arti Sekut Sebenarnya". tribunnews.com. Tribun News. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
  50. Octavia, Suzy Ratnasari (18 March 2022). "Arti Warga Vrindavan atau Prindapan yang Viral di Tiktok dan Sering Dipakai di Instagram". pikiranrakyat.com. Media Blitar by Pikiran Rakyat. Retrieved 3 June 2022.
  51. "Particles". Bahasa Kita. Retrieved 27 February 2014.
  52. Galih, Bayu, ed. (2018-09-14). "Candaan Gaya Berbahasa "Anak Jaksel", Mengapa Fenomena Ini Terjadi?". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-10-26.
  53. Tsabit, Mumtadz Zaid Bin. "25 Kosa Kata Bahasa Jaksel, Bahasa Kentut yang Kini Mulai Dibicarakan Anak-Anak Muda! - Kabar Besuki". kabarbesuki.pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  54. Times, I. D. N.; Afifullah, Iip. "10 Meme Kocak Bahasa Kentut Ini Bikin Pengen Jitak". IDN Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-11.
  55. In Indonesian: https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2019/02/23/boso-walikan-malang-dan-sejarah-panjang-para-pejuang