Indonesian slang

Last updated
Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian
Bahasa Gaul, Bahasa Indonesia Gaul, Bahasa Indonesia dialek Jakarta
Native to Indonesia
Region Indonesia, especially in urban areas, particularly Jakarta
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog cjin1234   Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian

Indonesian slang vernacular (Indonesian : bahasa gaul, Betawi : basa gaul), or Jakarta colloquial speech (Indonesian : bahasa informal, bahasa sehari-hari) is a term that subsumes various urban vernacular and non-standard styles of expression used throughout Indonesia that are not necessarily mutually intelligible. Regional slang from the capital of Jakarta, based on Betawi language, is however heavily exposed and promoted in national media, and considered the de facto Indonesian slang.[ citation needed ] Despite its direct origins, Indonesian slang often differs quite significantly in both vocabulary and grammatical structure from the most standard form of Indonesia's national language. These expressions are neither standardized nor taught in any formal establishments, but rather function in daily discourse, usually in informal settings. Several dictionaries of bahasa gaul has been published. Indonesian speakers regularly mix several regional slangs in their conversations regardless of origin, but depending on the audience and the familiarity level with the listeners.

Contents

History

Simplified overview of progress of the development of standard Indonesian and Indonesian slang. Infografis Bahasa Indonesia.png
Simplified overview of progress of the development of standard Indonesian and Indonesian slang.

It is exactly unclear when the slang was first appeared in conversation. However, the earliest documented use of the slang started during the Dutch colonial era in Indonesia around the 1860s and 1870s. Its native name, bahasa gaul (the 'social language'), was a term coined in the late 1990s where bahasa means 'language' and gaul means 'social', 'cool' or 'trendy'. [1] Similarly, the term bahasa prokem (a more outdated name for Indonesian slang) created in the early 1970s means 'the language of gangsters'. [2] Prokem is a slang form of the word préman 'gangster' and was derived from the Dutch word vrijman, which literally means 'freeman'. [2] [3]

Indonesian slang is predominantly used in everyday conversation, social milieus, among popular media and, to a certain extent, in teen publications or pop culture magazines. [2] For those living in more urbanized regions of Indonesia, Indonesian slang language often functions as the primary language medium for communication in daily life. [2] While it would be unusual to communicate orally with people on a casual basis with very formal Indonesian, the use of proper or 'good and correct' Indonesian (bahasa Indonesia yang baik dan benar) is abundant in the media, government bodies, schools, universities, workplaces, amongst some members of the Indonesian upper-class or nobility and also in many other more formal situations. [3]

Indonesian slang has evolved rapidly. This is, in part, due to its vocabulary that is often so different from that of standard Indonesian and Malaysian and also because so many new words (both original and foreign) are quite easily incorporated into its increasingly wide vocabulary list. However, as with any language, the constant changing of the times means that some words become rarely used or are rendered obsolete as they are considered to be outdated or no longer follow modern day trends. [3]

Classification

At present, there is no formal classification for Indonesian slang language but it is purportedly and erroneously claimed by many to be essentially a manipulated and popularized form of the Indonesian (the national language of Indonesia). This is not true in the case of Jakartan bahasa gaul, as it is primarily based on the Betawi language.

Indonesian is part of the Western Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages. According to the Ethnologue, Indonesian is modelled after Riau Malay, a form of Old Malay originally spoken in Northeast Sumatra. [4] Betawi language is classified as Malay-based creole.

Geographic distribution

Indonesian slang language is mostly spoken in urban regions of the Indonesian archipelago. It also spoken in some Indonesian soap operas and animated television series (such as Tukang Ojek Pengkolan or Adit Sopo Jarwo ). Variations of slang language can be found from city to city, mainly characterised by derivatives of the different local ethnic languages. For example, in Bandung, West Java, the local slang language contains vocabulary from the Sundanese language, while the slang found in Jakarta tends to be heavily influenced by English or the old Batavian dialect (i.e. the language of the original inhabitants of Jakarta or Batavia as it was known during the Dutch colonial period). For more information relating to the geographic distribution of Indonesian slang and regional influences, please see "Region Specific Slang" below.

Official status

Indonesian slang language is not an official language of Indonesia. However, it is claimed as a modified form of the Indonesian language and is widely used for everyday communication and in informal situations. Sometimes it is mixed with formal Indonesian in formal situations, except during state ceremonies, business meetings, and sacred prayers. A number of Indonesians sometimes speak a mixture of Indonesian slang and formal Indonesian in everyday conversation and informal situations.

Sounds and writing

Indonesian slang generally uses the same pronunciation as standard Indonesian, although there are many influences from regional dialects on certain aspects such as accent and grammatical structure. Loan words adopted from foreign languages (especially European) such as English or Dutch are often transliterated according to the modern Indonesian orthography. For example, the word "please" is often written as plis. Another closely related phenomenon to arise in recent years is the formation of complex nouns or phrases created using a combination of English and Indonesian (slang) in the one sentence. A prime example of this is the phrase "so what gitu loh!", meaning "who cares?!" or quite simply "so what!" with added emphasis from the phrase "gitu loh". Gitu is an abbreviated form of the Indonesian word begitu meaning 'like that/such as', while loh (also spelt lho) is a particle commonly used in slang or conversational Indonesian to show surprise or instigate a warning. In these cases of combined, interlingual phrases, the original spelling (and quite often the pronunciation) of the foreign word(s) are retained. Hence, the English component of the Indonesian slang phrase "so what gitu loh!" remains relatively unchanged as far as spelling and pronunciation are concerned.

Grammar

The overall structure of Indonesian slang is not all that different from formal Indonesian, although in many cases sentences are simplified or shortened when necessary. The differences between formal and colloquial Indonesian are most evident in vocabulary and grammatical structures (e.g. affixes).

Vocabulary

No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, with colloquial Indonesian features: DILARANG NYAMPAH ('do not litter') No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda.jpg
No littering sign at Big Mall, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, with colloquial Indonesian features: DILARANG NYAMPAH ('do not litter')
A film with a title Gagak Item, which released in 1939. The word item is still used today in Indonesian slang. Gagak Item ad 2.jpg
A film with a title Gagak Item , which released in 1939. The word item is still used today in Indonesian slang.

The structure of the Indonesian slang language is mostly derived from formal Indonesian. However, it's vocabularies are different story altogether. Indonesian slang vocabularies are enriched by a combination of derivatives or loan words/structures from foreign languages such as Min Nan commonly referred to as Hokkien, English, and Dutch, as well as local ethnic languages such as Batavian, Sundanese, and Javanese. However, in many cases, new words are simply created at random and their origins often quite obscure.

A large proportion of the vocabulary used in Indonesian slang language was developed from formal Indonesian through several methods, [5] most of which are listed below:

Some words are simply loaned from English. For example:

Some words are also loaned from Chinese languages (mainly Hokkien and Mandarin). For example:

Some words originated from the LGBT community (especially among transvestites) usually have word ending -ong. This either come from the pattern of changing the vocal of the penult into [ɛ] and replacing the rime of the ultima with -ong, or entirely different origin. This was also an attempt among LGBT community to alter the words to become more "French-sounding", thus sounding more sexy.[ citation needed ] For example:

Others

Many words also emerged without following the above rules at all or have their own unique history and/or origin not related to its literal meaning. For example:

Pejoratives

Some of these slang words have also evolved into pejorative words.

  • alay 'tacky; garish; drama queen' (from anak layangan, lit. ' kite kid'; used to describe the appearance associated with lower class children often spending their time outside and getting sunburnt, but then get a broader meaning)
  • bang jago (from abang 'older brother' and jago 'champion; master'; used to end any argument in a passive-aggressive and ad hominem manner) [27]
  • Banglasia (originally from the Malaysian film of the same name; a pejorative name for Malaysia)
  • bispak 'slut, female prostitute' (from the abbreviation of bisa dipakailit. 'easily to be used') [28]
  • botol 'foolish, stupid' (from the acronym of "bodoh" and "tolol")
  • buzzeRp 'political buzzer' (a portmanteau of buzzer politik 'political buzzer' and Rupiah) [29] [30]
  • cabe-cabean 'slut' (from cabelit. 'chili', from the abbreviation of cewek alay bisa diewelit. 'alay girl that can be fucked'; the term derived from teen motorbike gang/underground racing subculture where sometimes the ante was the racers' girlfriends and the winner could sleep with her)
  • cebong (lit. 'tadpole'; a pejorative name for Joko Widodo's supporters) [31] [32] [33]
  • decul (from dede Cules/Culers ), used by Madridista to ridicule Cules/Culers. Similarly, demit or dedemit (from dede Madridista) used by Cules/Culers to poke fun at Madridista. Both of these words usually said at El Clásico. [34]
  • fafifu wasweswos or fa fi fu was wes wos 'nonsensical', 'gibberish'. [35]
  • halo, dek or halodek, an epithet for Indonesian policeman and soldiers corps, due to their flirtatious yet creepy and perverted behaviour, such as catcalling against girls (especially doctors, pharmacists, midwives, and nurses), both online and offline. [36]
  • IQ 78, IQ jongkok, and IQ gorila 'stupid people' (from pseudoscientific paper from Richard Lynn which says that Indonesian IQ level are only at 78, just similar with apes) [37]
  • Indog (from "Indonesian dog" or "Indognesial"; a pejorative name for Indonesia and Indonesian)
  • jamet (from jablay/janda mètal 'women who dresses and acts overly provocative but didn't care about their appearance and won't bother to take care about themselves', jajal metal 'metal poseur', or Jawa metal 'metalhead Javanese'; a pejorative name for Javanese people) [38] [39] [40] [41]
  • Jawir 'from the words Jawa and ireng (literally 'black' in javanese)' used for non Javanese people mocking a Javanese people.
  • kadrun (from kadal gurunlit. 'desert lizard'; a pejorative name for Islamic bigot). [42] [43]
  • Konoha (short for Konohagakure, the name of a fictional village in the Naruto series; a pejorative name for Indonesia) [44]
  • kuproy 'construction worker' (from kuli proyek 'construction worker'; sometimes pejorative) [39] [45]
  • kutu kupret 'bastard'
  • mokondo (an abbreviation from modal kontol doang "done just by penis", a pejorative name for a men that less than ideal in terms of intellectuality, skills, manners, and economical, a useless and cancerous men) [46]
  • ndakik-ndakik 'words or terminologies that too hard to understand, to the point it sounds nonsensical or gibberish. [35]
  • ngondek 'sissy, effeminate' (from kondektur 'public bus attendant'; describing the manner of fast speaking on announcing the destinations while doing waving gesture done by bus attendant, popularized by LGBT community)
  • oten 'a pejorative name for Christian bigot'.
  • RT 6 or RT 06 (from rukun tetangga ; used by Indonesian Christian apologists to describe Islam, with warga RT 6 or warga RT 06 is used to describe Muslims in general) [47] [48] [49] [50]
  • RT 16 (used as a counter by Muslim apologists to describe Christianity, and similarly, warga RT 16 is used to describe Christians in general) [51] [52] [53]
  • terong-terongan (from térong 'eggplant'; the male counterpart of cabé-cabéan, refer to the similarity of an elongated-shaped purple eggplant with a penis. Thus the term térong dicabéin (lit. 'chilied eggplant') means male to female cross-dresser)
  • Vrindavan or Prindapan (from Vrindavan, the location mentioned in Little Krishna animated series; a pejorative name for India) [54]
  • Wakanda (originally the name of a fictional country in Marvel Comics, a pejorative name for Indonesia) [55]

Particles

One of the advertising in Jakarta with the particle kok. Senayan MRT Station indoor.jpg
One of the advertising in Jakarta with the particle kok.

Many slang modal particles are used in the end of a sentence. Usually, these particles do not directly change the sentence's meaning, in the sense that the truth conditions remain the same. However, they can have other effects, such as emphasizing a sentence, or suggesting hesitancy. They can be used to reinforce the social link between speaker and listener. [56]

For example, the sentence Dia datang (she/he comes) could be modified by one of the following particles:

Particles can also be used to introduce questions. The following examples could both be translated as How could she come?:

Vocabulary evolution

Pre-1980s

Kumpul kebo literally means 'water buffalo-style gathering' or 'gather like cattle'. It originated during the Dutch colonial era and was known as koempoel gebouw, from koempoel 'to gather' and Dutch gebouw 'building', thus the phrase means to live together under the same roof (as an unmarried couple). Confusion has caused this term to be linked with Javanese kebo 'buffalo'. This term basically means that two people in a relationship are living together without being married, i.e. in a domestic partnership or a de facto relationship. To kumpul kebo in Indonesia is considered immoral and sometimes illicit. For these reasons and also those relating to religion, Asian culture, and general ethics, it is often frowned upon in modern Indonesian society to do such a thing.

1980s

The 1980s was the era of bahasa prokem. At this time slang language vocabulary was formed by the insertion of the infix -ok-, creating a totally new word. Prokem itself is a prokem word from préman.

Prokem words created by reducing the ultima, then inserting the infix -ok- before the vocal of the penult (which is now become the ultima). If the penult is an open syllable, the penult taking the nearest consonant after it as its coda. If the word is monosyllabic, the infix simply inserted before the vocal. Examples are given below, with the vocal of the penult marked with bold and the nearest consonant marked with underscore:

The word sekolah 'school' was transformed into skokul, from skul, reminiscent of the English word "school". This word slowly become outdated and by the 1990s the word was no longer used, and changed to sekul or simply skul.

Other notable words such as mémblé 'ugly, frowning', kecé 'beautiful, good looking' (from keren cekali 'very cool'), the sentence attribute nih yé, and the exclamation "alamakjan!" all emerged in the same decade.

New Millennium

Much of the slang language created post-2000 originated from the Indonesian LGBT community. The latest method for transforming a word is to take a totally different word which differs in its ultima, rime, or coda. For example, the word mau 'want' is replaced with the word mawar 'rose'. Despite its creativity and originality, this latest form of Indonesian slang can be quite complicated to understand, even to the native Indonesians themselves. For example, "Akika tinta mawar macarena" originates from the sentence written in proper Indonesian "Aku tidak mau makan", which means 'I don't want to eat'.

The abbreviations often used to mask insult, such as kamseupay 'totally lame', abbreviation of kampungan sekali udik payah which means 'really bumpkinish, yokel, lame'.

Region specific slang

Medan slang

Medan is the capital of North Sumatra Province. Most of the slang from Medan are heavily influenced by Malay, Hokkien and Karo language. For example, "bapa" for "father", "nande" for "mother", "kedé" for "shop", "tutup lampu" for "turn off the light", "buka radio" for "turn on the radio". Another example of Medan slang is by adding "punya" at the end of the sentence. For example, "mobil aku punya" for "my car". They also have the tendency to confuse between e /ə/ and é /e/, partially due to the fact that most of nearby Batak languages lack the former vowel, the schwa.

Jambi & Palembang slang

Jambi and Palembang slang mostly involves changing the letter at the end of the word with letter 'o'. However, not all words can be modified to include the characteristic 'o', as this rule applies mostly to words ending with the letter 'a'. Sometimes Palembang use shorter-version of word by erase first syllables, like 'segala' in standard Malay-Indonesian to 'galo'.

Another characteristic pattern of Jambi and Palembang slang involves the addition or replacement of the final letter of a word with 'k'.

Another classic Malay Sumatran dialect also prevailed in most of Sumatran cities, from Palembang to Bengkulu, Jambi and Pekanbaru. These classical Malay words such as nian is used in Sumatran cities instead of sangat or banget (very).

Jakarta slang

Jakarta including Botabek is the capital city of Indonesia with a population of more than 20 million people. Consequently, such a huge population will undoubtedly have a role in the Jakarta slang evolution. Much of the slang evolved from the Betawi dialect.

Some prominent examples:

The following words are taken from Hokkien (Fukkien) Chinese, and commonly used in transactions.

However, many Indonesians of non-Chinese descent do not know the meaning of the transaction words above, probably with the exception of Goceng due to its usage on KFC Indonesia's advertising on their "Goceng" products, in which all "Goceng" menus are sold at the IDR 5000 price range. Sometimes the word "perak", literally "silver", is used to describe small denominations of currency.

South Jakarta slang

This slang is a code mixing between Indonesian and English. It is named after South Jakarta. Some iconic English words used in this slang include which is, like, literally, sometimes, basically, and some Indonesian words + -ly exp (jujurly). Code mixing with English does not only occur in Jakarta, but also in other major cities in Indonesia. [57]

Negative sentiments on this slang caused this given the name "fart language" (Indonesian : bahasa kentut) by some. [58] [59]

Sundanese slang

In the West Java and Banten region, the main place for Sundanese speakers, there are several words or phrases belonging to the slang language. This diversity of slang has its own peculiarities in each region in West Java Province.

Bandung slang

Bandung is the capital city of West Java province with a predominantly Sundanese culture. The Sundanese language has three levels or forms, namely: high (polite), middle class, and low (impolite). Bandung slang often uses the Low Sundanese pronouns along with the many other Sundanese translations of popular Indonesian.

Some examples:

  • Uing (from kuring) - I/me
  • Didieu (from di dieu, actually mean 'here') - I/me
  • Didinya (from di dinya, actually mean 'there') - You
  • Euy - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express excitement and surprise
  • Da - Sundanese particle in the end of the sentence to express certainty and emphasizes the meaning, somehow similar to Japanese "desu".
  • Sok - meaning 'pleasure'
  • O'on (from Bolo'on) or Oneng (from the name of a slow witted character in Sinetron Bajaj Bajuri) - stupid, dim witted
  • Belegug - stupid
  • Aslina - (from word asli 'real', plus a suffix -na) which is mean 'for real'.
  • Anying - (from word anjing, but change 'j' to 'y') which is mean 'fuck'
  • Jangar - headache
  • Stoppan - meaning transportation stop in 'traffic light'
  • Aliran - meaning 'power outage'
  • Kantong - meaning 'bag'

Bogor slang

Bogor is a city in the province of West Java with the former Kingdom of Sunda Padjajaran, Bogor slang is Sundanese with its influence from Indonesian language and sometimes uses Sundanese with the word pronounced backwards.

Sukabumi slang

Sukabumi slang the language is a non-standard variety of Sundanese language that is often used in Sukabumi, West Java in the Tipar area, because Widal itself means Tipar.

This Sani or Widal language can also be called slang or slang in the Sundanese dialect, where the pronunciation of the letters in the consonants changes.

For example, the letter G becomes S, J becomes C, and 'ng' becomes 'ny' and so on.

Javanese slang

These slangs are shared across Central Java and Yogyakarta where Javanese is predominantly spoken. Like Sundanese which are spoken in Bandung, Javanese also has 3 different set of vocabularies, based on the politeness level. Common people usually talk with a mix between low-Javanese, middle-Javanese, and Indonesian. Some non-Javanese residents added their own dialects to the pot, resulting what is called the Central Java slang

Jogjakarta

Jogjakarta slang is also known as Basa Walikan, literally means 'Reverse Language' .

It is a transformation of Javanese, in which Javanese consonants are switched with one another, as shown below:

With the above rules, the expletive expression Matamu! (which literally means: 'Your Eyes!') becomes Dagadu! (also the name of a clothing brand). The following website automatically performs this transformation: Walikan Translator

Malang

A ribbon which reads Otos tahes, which means healthy soto in Walikan Malang language. Spanduk dengan bahasa walikan Malang.jpg
A ribbon which reads Otos tahes, which means healthy soto in Walikan Malang language.

Malang slang is inverted alphabetical word (mostly from Javanese and little bit from Indonesian). Commonly known in Javanese as Boso Walikan Malang (Reversed: Osob Kiwalan Ngalam. [60] Meaning: Malang's Reversed language). The slang started appearing sometime in 1949 when the people at Malang's Gerilya Rakyat Kota (GRK meaning City People's Guerilla) needed a form of communication method that is unknown to the occupying Dutch intelligence (Both to the Dutchman, and the recruited natives) while maintaining typical daily conversation. Thus, the idea to reverse Javanese and Indonesian words was born. The goal of the creation of the language is to maintain plan secrecy, prevent leakage of information, and to confuse the enemy. [61] At First, the language was only known amongst the guerillas. Further adding the language's purpose as an identifier whether that person is a friend or foe. But after the Dutch retreated from the city, the language remained and becoming more widespread amongst the people of Malang and its surroundings. In recent years, the technique of reversing words has become more popular nationwide and played a role in creating modern Indonesian slang. Words such as Ngab (From: Abang meaning 'Older Brother'), Sabi (From: Bisa meaning 'Be able to..' or 'Can') or Kuy (From: Yuk meaning 'Let's go') owes credit to Malang's Reversed Language.

Examples:

Sam = Mas (Older brother. Javanese version of 'Abang' or 'Bang')

Ongis Nade= Singo Edan (the nickname of Arema Cronus F.C.)

Helum= Muleh (Go home)

Ublem= Mlebu (Enter)

Utem= Metu (Exit)

Ojob= Bojo (Husband/Wife)

Oges= Sego (Rice)

Rajajowas= Sawojajar (an area in Malang)

Oyoborus= Suroboyo

Ngalam= Malang

Kera Ngalam= Arek Malang (lit. The kid of Malang. Referring to The People of Malang)

Libom= Mobil (Car)

Nawak Ewed = Kawan Dewe (Your own Friend/s)

Silup= Pulis (Police (Although the Javanese word for police is the same as in Indonesian, Polisi. they altered the word slightly to make it less obvious))

Surabaya

As the second largest city in Indonesia and the capital of East Java, Surabaya uses a rougher dialect of Javanese and has a fairly complete list of its own slang. Javanese language originated from the Central Javanese farmland and by the time it reached the coastal area of East Java, it changed from its original polite form into a more impolite version with the creation or further adaptation of many new 'Javanese-style' words and swearwords. One of the most notable Surabaya slang is the word Jancok.

Pontianak slang

Pontianak slang is influenced by Malay, Teochew and Dayak and sometimes combined with Hakka. It is spoken in the Malay dialect. These slang varieties are spoken throughout West Kalimantan.

Makassarese slang

Makassarese slang is highly influenced by the native Makassarese dialect and sometimes combined with Chinese accents. The slang, in the end, sounds more informal and 'rude', as going with the tough image of Makassarese people. The possessive word for you (kamu) has three degrees of politeness: -ta (very formal and respectful), -mu (neutral), and -nu (informal). For example:

Meanwhile, the word for you itself is divided into two, the formal ki and the informal ko.

Ini mi? -> 'This one?' Biarkan mi -> 'Let it go' Ko sudah belajar mi? -> 'Have you studied?'. Ko derives from the informal Indonesian word Kau, which stands for 'you'. Sudah dimulaimi itu ulangan? -> 'Has the exam started?', literally, 'Has-been started-the exam?'

Ji is also often used in the end of words. Most often, it means 'only', or used to give a more assuring tone to a sentence.

Di functions more like a question tag, read with a glottal stop at the end, which makes it to be 'dik'

Aside from that, Makassarese more often speak with a heavier accent, mixing many of the Indonesian words with native Makassar words.

See also

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Native Indonesians, also known as Pribumi or Bumiputra, are Indonesians whose ancestral roots lie mainly in the archipelago, comprising around 1,300 ethnic groups and predominantly of Austronesian and Melanesian descent. In contrast are Indonesians of known (partial) foreign descent, like Chinese Indonesians (Tionghoa), Arab Indonesians, Indian Indonesians, Japanese Indonesians, and Indo-Europeans (Eurasians).

Betawi, also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay, is the spoken language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</span>

There are 1,340 recognised ethnic groups in Indonesia, making it one of the most diverse countries in the world. The vast majority of those belong to the Austronesian peoples, with a sizeable minority being Melanesians. Indonesia has the world's largest number of Austronesians and Melanesians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of Indonesia</span>

Indonesia is home to over 700 living languages spoken across its extensive archipelago. This significant linguistic variety constitutes approximately 10% of the world’s total languages, positioning Indonesia as the second most linguistically diverse nation globally, following Papua New Guinea. The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese, Sundanese, and Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese, primarily by the Javanese people in the central and eastern parts of Java Island, as well as across many other islands due to migration.

Malay grammar is the body of rules that describe the structure of expressions in the Malay language and Indonesian. This includes the structure of words, phrases, clauses and sentences. In Malay and Indonesian, there are four basic parts of speech: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and grammatical function words (particles). Nouns and verbs may be basic roots, but frequently they are derived from other words by means of prefixes and suffixes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Sundanese language</span> Earliest recorded stage of the Sundanese language

Old Sundanese is the earliest recorded stage of the Sundanese language which is spoken in the western part of Java, Indonesia. The evidence is recorded in inscriptions from around the 12th to 14th centuries and ancient palm-leaf manuscripts from the 15th to 17th centuries AD. Old Sundanese is no longer used today, but has developed into its descendant, modern Sundanese.

Cirebon Sundanese is a variety of conversation in Sundanese in the ex-Residency of Cirebon and its surroundings, which includes Kuningan, Majalengka, Cirebon, Indramayu and Subang as well as Brebes in Central Java.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brebes Sundanese</span> Sundanese dialect

Brebes Sundanese is the dialect of Sundanese language used by some people in Brebes Regency, Central Java, especially in the southern and southwestern parts of the region. The area of Brebes Regency is one of the districts in Central Java which borders the West Java region.

Gaul Indonesian or Colloquial Indonesian is the informal register of the Indonesian language that emerged in the 1980s and continues to evolve to this day. According to the Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language (KBBI), colloquial language is defined as 'a non-formal dialect of Indonesian used by certain communities for socialization'. The vocabulary of this language comes from various sources, such as the Jakarta Indonesian dialect, prokem language, regional languages, and foreign languages. In addition, colloquial language also creates new vocabulary formed through certain rules. The basis of this Colloquial Indonesian is the Betawi language. Initially, this language was used in the Jakarta area, but over time, it spread throughout Indonesia through mass media, especially television and the internet. Colloquial language replaced the use of prokem language which was previously popular in the 1970s. In addition to maintaining the influence of a number of vocabulary from prokem language, the Colloquial Indonesian also receives influences from Binan language and regional languages in Indonesia.

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