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The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship.
The Trans-Fly–Bulaka RiverakaSouth-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west.
Papua New Guinea, a sovereign state in Oceania, is the most linguistically diverse country in the world. According to Ethnologue, there are 840 living languages spoken in the country. In 2006, Papua New Guinea Prime Minister Sir Michael Somare stated that "Papua New Guinea has 832 living languages ."
The Bulaka River languages are a pair of closely related Papuan languages, Yelmek and Maklew, on the Bulaka River in Indonesian South Papua. They are ethnically Yab (Jab); their speech is Yabga (Jabga).
The Yam languages, also known as the Morehead River languages, are a family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages south and west of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian Western New Guinea.
Morori is a moribund Papuan language of the Kolopom branch of the Trans–New Guinea family. It is separated from the other Kolopom languages by the intrusive Marind family. All speakers use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as L2, and many know Marind.
Ngkolmpu Kanum, or Ngkontar, is part of a dialect chain in the Yam family spoken by the Kanum people of New Guinea. The Ngkâlmpw (Ngkontar) and moribund Bädi varieties have limited mutual intelligibility may be considered distinct languages.
Yelmek, also rendered Jelmek or Jelmik, is a language of the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family in West Papua.
Mawes is an extinct Papuan language of Indonesia.
Yetfa and Biksi are dialects of a language spoken in Jetfa District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Highland Papua, Indonesia, and across the border in Papua New Guinea. It is a trade language spoken in Western New Guinea up to the PNG border.
Mandobo, or Kaeti, is a Papuan language of Mandobo District in Boven Digoel Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.
Maklew is a language of the proposed Trans-Fly – Bulaka River family in South Papua, Indonesia. It is known to be spoken in Welbuti village, Merauke Regency. It is thought to be closely related to the Yelmek Language.
Riantana, or Kimaam, is a language spoken on Yos Sudarso Island in Papua province, Indonesia.
Morehead Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Merauke Regency, Indonesia is located adjacently to the west. Yam, Pahoturi, and Anim languages are spoken in the LLG.
Tamer (Tämer) is a Yam language of Yanggandur in southeast Merauke Regency, Indonesia. It forms a dialect continuum with Smerki (Smärki), and indeed goes by that name.
Smerki is a Yam language spoken in Rawu Biru, Tomer, Tomerau, and Yakiw in southeast Merauke Regency, Indonesia. Bârkâli (Barkari) and Smärki may be distinct enough to count as separate languages. The Tamer language is closely related.
Nggarna (Ngar), or Sota, is a Yam language of in the village of Sota in Merauke Regency, Indonesia. Located in western which borders with Morehead Rural LLG, Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Despite identifying as Kanum, the language is closer to Rema across the border in Indonesia than it is to other Kanum languages of Papua New Guinea.
The Bensbach River is a river in southwestern Papua New Guinea. It is located just to the east of the Maro River in Merauke Regency, Indonesia, and just to the west of the Morehead River in Papua New Guinea.
Kanum people (Kanume) are an ethnic group that inhabits the border area of Merauke Regency in South Papua and Papua New Guinea. The Kanum is considered a subgroup of the Marind, but they have their own language which is the Kanum language that belongs to the Yam language family. This language is closer to the Yei language and other tribes in Papua New Guinea than to the Marind language, which is spoken by the largest ethnic group in Merauke.
Yei is an ethnic group residing near the Indonesia–Papua New Guinea border in Merauke Regency, South Papua. The Yei is a sub-tribe of the Marind. The Yei have their own language, known as the Yei, which is divided into two dialects: Upper Yei and Lower Yei. The Yei language is part of the Yam or Morehead-Maro language family, making it closer to languages in Morehead, Papua New Guinea, rather than the language of the Marind, the majority tribe in Merauke Regency.
References
- ↑ Yei at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ↑ Evans, Nicholas (2018). "The languages of Southern New Guinea". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 641–774. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.