Binandere language

Last updated
Binandere
Native to Papua New Guinea
Region Oro Province
Native speakers
7,000 (2007) [1]
Dialects
  • Binandere
  • Tainya Dawari (Ambasi)
  • Yewa Buie
Language codes
ISO 639-3 bhg
Glottolog bina1277

Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.

Contents

Phonology

Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/. [2]

Consonants of Binandere [2]
Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive p b t d k ɡ
Nasal m n
Fricative β
Approximant j
Tap/flap ɾ

Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u/ and their five nasal counterparts. [2]

Vowels of Binandere [2]
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ u ũ
Mid e o õ
Open ɑ ɑ̃

These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:

Evolution

Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012): [3]

proto-Trans-New Guinea Binandere
*m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’mendo
*m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’mu ‘sap’
*mundun ‘internal organs’mundu ‘kidney, testicles’
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’(gisi)-moka ‘eye’
*mV ‘taro’(Suena ma ‘taro’)
*mV- ‘give’(Korafe mut- ‘give’)
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’biriga ‘lightning’
*am(a,i) ‘mother’ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia)
*amu ‘breast’ami
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’tumba ‘darkness’
*na ‘1SGna
*na- ‘eat’na- ‘eat, drink’
*n[e]i ‘bird’ni
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’(Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’)
pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘3SG free pronoun’nu
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’)
*mundun ‘internal organs’mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’)
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’(?) beriberi ‘be alight’
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’beri-beri ‘be alight’
*mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’(Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’)
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’(Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’)
*pu + verb ‘to blow’Binandere put- ‘blow’
*ambi ‘man’embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’)
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’kopuru
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’tupo
*kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’(?) imbosi
*apa ‘father’afa (Korafe afa)
*ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’(Suena di ‘tie’)
*m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’mendo
*mundun ‘internal organs’mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’)
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’(Yega kari ‘ear’)
*inda ‘tree’izi (cf. Notu ri)
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’tupo
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’)
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’kopuru
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’gisi moka
*at(i,u) ‘netbag’asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’)
*si[si] ‘urine’pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso)
*titi ‘tooth’ji
*asi ‘string, rope’asi ‘vine, string, rope’)
*kasipa ‘to spit’kosiwa ‘spittle’
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’(Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’
*kanjipa ‘sun’(?) kariga ‘moon’
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’gisi-(moka)
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’(gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’)
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’(pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’)
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’(Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’kopuru
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’(Yega kari)
*kasipa ‘to spit’kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana)
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’)
*k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’(?) undoru ‘bones’
*kumV- ‘die’(?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’)
*kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’(?) imbosi
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’(Yega kari)
*la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’(aßa)-raka ‘fire’
*sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’(?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’)
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’biriga ‘lightning’
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’birigi

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References

  1. Binandere at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. 1 2 3 4 Wilson, Jonathan P. (2002). "Binandere Verbal Structures". SIL. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  3. Pawley, Andrew (2012). Hammarström, Harald; van den Heuvel, Wilco (eds.). "How reconstructable is proto Trans New Guinea? Problems, progress, prospects". History, Contact and Classification of Papuan Languages (Language & Linguistics in Melanesia Special Issue 2012: Part I). Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea: Linguistic Society of Papua New Guinea: 88–164. hdl:1885/38602. ISSN   0023-1959.