Binandere | |
---|---|
Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Region | Oro Province |
Native speakers | 7,000 (2007) [1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
Dialects |
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | bhg |
Glottolog | bina1277 |
Binandere is a Papuan language spoken in the "tail" of Papua New Guinea.
Binandere has 11 consonants: voiced and voiceless bilabials, alveolars, and velars; voiced labial and alveolar nasals; the flap /ɾ/; the voiced bilabial fricative /β/ and the palatal approximant /j/. [2]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | p b | t d | k ɡ | |
Nasal | m | n | ||
Fricative | β | |||
Approximant | j | |||
Tap/flap | ɾ |
Binandere also has the 5 common vowels /ɑ e i o u/ and their five nasal counterparts. [2]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
Close | i ĩ | u ũ | |
Mid | e ẽ | o õ | |
Open | ɑ ɑ̃ |
These vowels can be combined to form up to 11 possible diphthongs:
Below are some reflexes of proto-Trans-New Guinea proposed by Pawley (2012): [3]
proto-Trans-New Guinea | Binandere |
---|---|
*m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
*m(o,u)k ‘milk, sap, breast’ | mu ‘sap’ |
*mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’ |
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka ‘eye’ |
*mV ‘taro’ | (Suena ma ‘taro’) |
*mV- ‘give’ | (Korafe mut- ‘give’) |
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
*am(a,i) ‘mother’ | ai (*m lost before i), (Suena mia) |
*amu ‘breast’ | ami |
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | tumba ‘darkness’ |
*na ‘1SG’ | na |
*na- ‘eat’ | na- ‘eat, drink’ |
*n[e]i ‘bird’ | ni |
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
pMadang-Binandere *nu[k] ‘3SG free pronoun’ | nu |
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (Korafe ghamana ‘stone’) |
*mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, (Korafe munju ‘egg’) |
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | (?) beriberi ‘be alight’ |
*mbalaŋ ‘flame’ | beri-beri ‘be alight’ |
*mbulikV ‘turn (oneself)’ | (Guhu-Samane burisi eetaqu ‘turn over, turn s.th. around’) |
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’, ‘widow and child’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute widow and child’) |
*pu + verb ‘to blow’ | Binandere put- ‘blow’ |
*ambi ‘man’ | embo (Guhu-Samane abi ‘man’) |
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
*kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
*apa ‘father’ | afa (Korafe afa) |
*ndaŋgi/ndiŋga ‘tie’ | (Suena di ‘tie’) |
*m(i,u)ndu ‘nose’ | mendo |
*mundun ‘internal organs’ | mundu ‘kidney, testicles’, etc.’) |
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari ‘ear’) |
*inda ‘tree’ | izi (cf. Notu ri) |
*[ka]tumba(C) ‘short’ | tupo |
*k(i,u)tuma ‘night, morning’ | Binandere tumba ‘darkness’, ‘night’) |
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi moka |
*at(i,u) ‘netbag’ | asi (Suena ati ‘netbag’) |
*si[si] ‘urine’ | pBinandere *susu (Korafe soso) |
*titi ‘tooth’ | ji |
*asi ‘string, rope’ | asi ‘vine, string, rope’) |
*kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’ |
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
*kanjipa ‘sun’ | (?) kariga ‘moon’ |
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | gisi-(moka) |
*(ŋg,k)iti-maŋgV ‘eye’ | (gisi)-moka (Korafe móko ‘core, centre’) |
*nVŋg- ‘know, hear, see’ | (pBinandere *niŋg- ‘hear’, Korafe niŋg- ‘hear, understand’) |
*mbeŋga-masi ‘orphan’ | (Suena boga-masa ‘destitute’) ‘widow and child’ |
*kV(mb,p)(i,u)t(i,u) ‘head’ | kopuru |
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
*kasipa ‘to spit’ | kosiwa ‘spittle’, kosiwa ari ‘to spit’ |
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana) |
*ka(m,mb)(a,u)na ‘stone’ | ganuma (metath.) (Korafe ɣamana ‘stone’) |
*k(o,u)ndVC ‘bone’ | (?) undoru ‘bones’ |
*kumV- ‘die’ | (?) abu-bugari ‘dead people’, (pBin *ambu- ‘wither, be sick, dying’) |
*kambu(s,t)(a,u) ‘smoke’ | (?) imbosi |
*ka(nd,t)(e,i)kV ‘ear’ | (Yega kari) |
*la(ŋg,k)a ‘ashes’ | (aßa)-raka ‘fire’ |
*sikal/*sakil ‘hand, claw’ | (?) siŋgu ‘finger’, finger’) |
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | biriga ‘lightning’ |
*(m,mb)elak ‘light, lightning’ | birigi |
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