Safeyoka language

Safeyoka
Ampale
Native to	Papua New Guinea
Region	Morobe Province
Native speakers	(2,390 cited 1980 census) [1]
Language family	Trans–New Guinea Angan Northeast Safeyoka
Language codes
ISO 639-3	apz
Glottolog	safe1240

Safeyoka, or Ampale, is an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Other names of this language include Ambari, Ampeeli, Ampeeli-Wojokeso, and Ampele. ^[2] According to a 1980 census, there were around 2,390 native speakers. ^[2] Commonly known as Ampale, the dialect is called Wojokeso. Speakers of Ampale range from the Waffa River to the Banir River, which is located in the northern part of Papua New Guinea. ^[3] The Wojokeso dialect is spoken by people who live in five villages where multiple districts, the Kaiapit, Mumeng and Menyama come together in the Morobe Province. ^[4]

Phonology

Consonants ^[5]

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal		Velar		Glottal
			plain	labial	plain	labial	plain	labial
Plosive	p	t	tɕ	tɕʷ	k	kʷ	ʔ
Fricative	f	s	ɕ	ɕʷ			h	hʷ
Nasal	m	n	ɲ		ŋ	ŋʷ
Approximant	w	r	j	ɥ

• /p t k/ are voiced / b d g / following homorganic nasals.
• /f/ is voiced [ v ~ β ] intervocalically.
• The sequences /hm hn/ are realized as [ m̥ n̥ ].
• /h/ is in free variation with [ x ], and can optionally be pronounced [ ɣ ] intervocalically.
• /r/ manifests as [ ɺ ] utterance-initially.

Vowels ^[5]

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Mid	e	ʌ
Low	æ	ɑ

• /i/ and /u/ are both reduced to [ ɨ ] when unstressed.

Safeyoka is also tonal, distinguishing between high and low tone. ^[5]

Grammar

Subject Personal Pronouns

In the term stem of Ampale outlines, the object person affixes are included in them. Class 2 verb roots, /put/ and /kill/, they occur immediately following the root. Other verb roots immediately come before the root. ^[3] Object person affixes include:

^[3]

	Singualr	Dual	Plural
1st Person	nɨ-	e-	naa-/ne-
2nd Person	kɨ-	ze-	ze-
3rd Person	u-	u-	u-

Sentence Structure

The Ampale language classifies with the Wojokeso dialect of the Angan language stock. ^[6] According to B.A Hooley and K.A. McElhanon, the language is referred to as the "Languages of the Morobe District - New Guinea". The sentence types of the Wojokeso are pattern types. On non-final verbs, the Wojokeso links clauses together by the means of affixes or clitics. ^[6]

Simple

The simple sentence formula is "+ Base: General Clause/Elliptical Clause + Terminal: Final Intonation." The sentence is explained by a single base and final intonation. In other words, the single base is expounded by the general clause. Single base moods include: Indicative, Interrogative, Dubitative, Information interrogative, Avolitional, and Exclamatory. ^[6]

Single Bases	Example
General Clause 1 = Indicative	Indicative Hofɨko they pmmalofo-foho came Hofɨko pmmalofo-foho they came 'They came'
	Negative Indicative mmalofo'maho come mmalofo'maho come 'They didn't come.'
General Clause 2 = Interrogative	Interrogative Nto already pmmalofotaho came Nto pmmalofotaho already came 'Did they already come?'
	Negative Interrogative Mapɨ'njitaho NEG-come' Mapɨ'njitaho NEG-come' 'Didn't they come?'
General Clause 3 = Dubitative	Dubitative Pmmalofotɨkeno come-they Pmmalofotɨkeno come-they 'Maybe they came'
	Negative Dubitative Mapɨ'njitɨkeno come-maybe Mapɨ'njitɨkeno come-maybe 'Maybe they didn't come'
General Clause 4 = Information Interrogative	Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who pmmalofoto came Tɨhwo pmmalofoto who came 'Who came?'
	Negative Information Interrogative Tɨhwo who mapɨ'njito NEG-came Tɨhwo mapɨ'njito who NEG-came 'Who didn't come?'
General Clause 5 = Avolitional	Avolitional Pɨfɨtnnoho come-they Pɨfɨtnnoho come-they 'It's not good that they come.' Poyo dead imo'ntnnoho become-you Poyo imo'ntnnoho dead become-you 'It's not good that you die.'
General Clause 6 = Exclamatory	Exclamatory Yahufohi pig Yahufohi pig 'It's a pig!' Peho'no why pohinopu come-you Peho'no pohinopu why come-you 'Shame on you for coming!'
[6]

Series

The series sentence indicates multiple actions a person does. There is no grammatical distinction between temporal succession and temporal overlap. Usually used to explain actions which are performed by a dual or plural subject. However, actions with this partial change in subject may also be classified as a sequence sentence. ^[4]

Sequence

The sequence sentence indicates an order of actions being completed by a subject, where base 1 differs from base 2. The action of the first base is usually completed before the action of the second base even begins. The deep structure of this sentence type is that it is purely based on succession. ^[4]

Example:

"Sɨ kuno nomeHONƗNGKI sukwo'miyomo hofantiso toho nelofAHONƗNGKI"

This translates into "Darkness came and night mosquitoes bit us". This expresses temporal succession. ^[4]

Tense

Future
	Wojokeso	English
Subjective	y-ontɨ fitnne	They would, they will do
Unrealized Subjective	y-ontɨ tinnesohilo	Would have done
Near Future	u-y-on ɨ tfeho	They will do
Hortative-Imperative	u-y-ɨ fe	Let them do it
[4]

Non-Future
	Wojokeso	English
Present Incomplete	y-alowofo	They are doing it
Present Complete	y-ohofo	They did it
Narrative Past	humi-y-ohofi	They did it
Near Past	i-malofo	They did it
Far Past	i-mentohofo	They did it a long time ago
Habitual Past	i-motofo	They used to do it regularly
[4]

References

1. Safeyoka at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. "Safeyoka". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2019-10-08.
3. Franklin, Karl J. (Karl James) (1973). The linguistic situation in the Gulf District and adjacent areas, Papua New Guinea . Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. ISBN   0858831007. OCLC   1288732.
4. Angan languages are different : four phonologies. Healey, Phyllis M. Huntington Beach, Calif.: Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1981. ISBN   088312212X. OCLC   8619473.
5. West, Idi (1992). Ampeeli Organised Phonology Data. SIL International.
6. West, Dorothy. (1973). Wojokeso : sentence, paragraph, and discourse analysis . Canberra: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University. ISBN   0858830892. OCLC   1220916.