Kembra | |
---|---|
Native to | Western New Guinea |
Region | Kiambra village, Kaisenar District, Keerom Regency |
Ethnicity | 50 [1] |
Native speakers | 20 (2000) [1] |
Pauwasi
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xkw |
Glottolog | kemb1250 |
ELP | Kembra |
Kembra is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger |
Kembra is a South Pauwasi language spoken in Western New Guinea by some twenty persons in Kiambra village, Kaisenar District, Keerom Regency. It is used by between 20% and 60% of the ethnic population and is no longer passed down to children.
Initial documentation was carried out by Barnabas Konel and Roger Doriot. Kembra data remains unpublished in Konel's and Doriot's field notes. [2] [3]
Foley (2018) notes that Kembra has some lexical forms resembling Lepki, but not Murkim, hinting at lexical borrowing between Kembra and Lepki, but not Murkim. He allows the possibility of Kembra being related to Lepki–Murkim, pending further evidence. [4] With more data, Usher (2020) was able to verify the connection.
Kembra is a tonal language, as shown by the following minimal pair. [4] : 464
Basic vocabulary of Kembra listed in Foley (2018): [5]
gloss | Kembra |
---|---|
‘bird’ | tra |
‘blood’ | nili |
‘bone’ | ka |
‘eat’ | ɲəm |
‘egg’ | traləl |
‘eye’ | yi |
‘fire’ | ya |
‘give’ | lokwes |
‘ground’ | to |
‘hair’ | iyet |
‘I’ | mu |
‘leg’ | kla |
‘louse’ | nim |
‘man’ | ratera |
‘name’ | kia |
‘one’ | kutina |
‘see’ | iyam |
‘stone’ | isi |
‘sun’ | ota |
‘tooth’ | pa |
‘tree’ | ya |
‘two’ | kais |
‘water’ | er |
‘we’ | utuas |
‘you (sg)’ | amagrei |
‘you (pl)’ | robkei |
Kembra has SOV word order, and also appears to have bipartite negation as in Abun and French. Only several sentences have been elicited by Konel (n.d.), which are quoted below from Foley (2018). [4]
pei
dog
yá
pig
por
black
ɲəm
eat
‘The dog ate the black pig.’
mu
1SG
pei
dog
te-iya-mo
?-see-TNS
‘I see the dog.’
mu
1SG
ipei
betelnut
abi-ɲi
NEG-eat
koto
NEG
‘I didn’t eat betelnut.’
mu
1SG
pei
dog
abi-(i)ya
NEG-see
koto
NEG
‘I didn’t see the dog.’
Sulka is a language isolate of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. In 1991, there were 2,500 speakers in eastern Pomio District, East New Britain Province. Villages include Guma in East Pomio Rural LLG. With such a low population of speakers, this language is considered to be endangered. Sulka speakers had originally migrated to East New Britain from New Ireland.
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Usku, or Afra, is a nearly extinct and poorly documented Papuan language spoken by 20 or more people, mostly adults, in Usku village, Senggi District, Keerom Regency, Papua, Indonesia.
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The Pauwasi languages are a likely family of Papuan languages, mostly in Indonesia. The subfamilies are at best only distantly related. The best described Pauwasi language is Karkar, across the border in Papua New Guinea. They are spoken around the headwaters of the Pauwasi River in the Indonesian-PNG border region.
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The Middle Sepik languages comprise diverse groups of Sepik languages spoken in northern Papua New Guinea. The Middle Sepik grouping is provisionally accepted by Foley (2018) based on shared innovations in pronouns, but is divided by Glottolog. They are spoken in areas surrounding the town of Ambunti in East Sepik Province.
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Massep is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in the single village of Masep in West Pantai District, Sarmi Regency, Papua. Despite the small number of speakers, however, language use is vigorous. It is surrounded by the Kwerba languages Airoran and Samarokena.
The Orya–Tor languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.
Lepki is a Papuan language spoken in Western New Guinea, near its relatives Murkim and Kembra. Only a few hundred words have been recorded, in hastily collected word lists.
Murkim is a Papuan language of Western New Guinea, near its relatives Lepki and Kembra. Though spoken by fewer than 300 people, it is being learned by children. It is spoken in Murkim District, Pegunungan Bintang Regency, Papua Province, Indonesia.
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The South Pauwasi languages are a likely small language family of New Guinea, potentially consisting of Yetfa, Kimki, Lepki, Murkim and Kembra.
The Lepki–Murkim languages are a pair to three recently discovered languages of New Guinea, Lepki, Murkim and possibly Kembra.