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Northwest Papuan | |
---|---|
Northwest New Guinea | |
(proposed) | |
Geographic distribution | Papua Province, Indonesia |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None |
The Northwest Papuan languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages.
Many of the constituent branches of Northwest Papuan were first proposed to be related by H.K.J. Cowan in the 1950s. Voorhoeve (1971) connected the Border and Tor families. Using only pronouns as a diagnostic, Malcolm Ross linked most of the western (Foja Range) branch of the family, which is now fairly secure. The current form of the proposal was worked out by Timothy Usher under the name "North(west) New Guinea" [1] (not to be confused with the proposed North New Guinea branch of the Austronesian language family). It is not yet certain, however, that the similarities in vocabulary between Foja Range and the other constituent families are due to inheritance rather than borrowing.
The western branch, Foja Range, is equivalent to Ross's Tor–Kwerba family with the addition of Nimboran.
Søren Wichmann (2013) [2] considers Nimboran, Kapauri (under Kwerbic above), Border, and possibly also Elseng (under Border above) to form a unified language family.
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database [3] and Usher (2020), [4] unless noted otherwise.
family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River [4] | *nəbaɾ | *aɾ[ɛ/a][n/ŋ] | *nVwɛ | *masɛ | *mapəɾ[Vm] | *ta[g]əna | *mo̝m | |||||
Massep | Massep [5] | emǐbake | embar sanyabe | irmouibe | nobe | indice | wanabe | satoribe | tenebe | kumobe | koke | maike | absibe sababra |
Mawes | Mawes | defar | tere | nonsom | wan | ija | werei | tuan | dukunen | ||||
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River [4] | *jaŋkaMBʉ | *ndɜp | *kam[a/ɔ]; *kəni[n/ŋ] | *namuɔ | *səɺiŋ; *wasəɺa[ŋ] | *anəmbəɺ[i/ɛ]ŋ; *mambəɺ[ɜ/ɔ]p | *masi | *kin | *ndɜn | *asu[p/k] | *min | |
Sentani | Sowari | tuniyiŋgan | pioupiə | kariŋgewa | itini | nəmbia | owar | ari | yow yim | ||||
Sentani | Sentani | faləm | uma | i joko | face | itəha | oro | oki | po | wa | nimə | ||
Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause [4] | *baːɽ | *t[o̝/u]waro̝ | *w₂ano̝ | *mɛn₂o̝ | *ko̝mo̝ | *aːᵘC | *mɵ̝N | |||||
Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River [4] | *haⁱ | *hwɔkɽuC | *hwe̝N | *pakaⁱ | *ki | *muN | ||||||
Kosare | Proto-Kosare [4] | *pɔtɔ | *m[o̞]ɽo̞ | *pɛɽɛ | *ti[p/b]e̞ | *kako̞ | |||||||
Kosare | Kosare | potɔ´ | potɔi | 'kɔro | ĩsɛrit | moro 'kakò | pɛki | pɛrɛ´ | ña | 'kákò | kó kakò | ||
Kaure | Kaure | kasera; pleŋ; pɔklai | hai; hat | goklu; huaglüt | gewe; hwai; hwew | gopo; hapu | sbeje; səbokai | sremu; sɾumu | due; duɛ | hi; katesa; katsa | era; laq; loa | aguli; arohei; axlit | mu; muq |
Elseng | Elseng | walambiap | nimbias | mo; uskŋs | naf | sənpokep | an | mɔs; mɔsən | pokəs | wətwən | ok | son; sɔn | pan |
Molof | Molof | emi | ela | ou | lom | toŋga | te | ai | fu | mat | antai | kant | mu |
Usku | Usku | flekle | flekle-kunda | beikli | nifi | neŋkle | bra | nafu | kla; mise | kla; mi | ninje; ninye | kiombra | |
Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | kemble | kemble -na; kemble-na | kemb lelu | jei; yei | məniti | geme | goŋgogok | wanta | leki | nta | jefake; yefake | mo |
West Pauwasi | Tebi | məndini | məndini-teke; məndini- teke | faʔa | ei; i | məndi | kle | klemalbo | puŋwa | teri; təri | gwane; gwano | ser | mamu |
West Pauwasi | Towei | mindimna | mindi-teke | ei | kəreser | popnoa | edefi | pana | ser | ||||
East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi [4] | *mɛ | *mbVwaⁱ | *wVpi | *ji | *mɛⁱ | *jɔ | *mɜtaɺVp | *mbu | *mɜp | *ŋgVɺ | *apV, *jipi | *mɵ̝m |
Yetfa | Yetfa | fran; ᵽr᷈an | fra may; ᵽʌřamai | i; ʔiʔ | ndor | ɔřa; rwa | moR᷈ | ndwal | fan | tol; toR᷈ | |||
Lepki-Murkim | Lepki [6] | bwi | yɛmon | kal | braw | yiri | kɔw | nom | |||||
Lepki-Murkim | Murkim [6] | bwi | amol | kal | prouk | mal | kok | mam | |||||
Kembra | Kembra [6] | yi | pa | nili | ka | ||||||||
Kimki | Kimki [6] | bwa | ẽ | luː | albak | afupla | kwal | mua | |||||
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | boda | nanada | kumbo- keda | kumba- kwada | gutubu | jabo-gemda | tabu | kodoa | gemda | kueda | toto | |
Border | Awyi | naŋger; naŋgər | jento; ta | keato | najo; nayo | nubru | ka | marie | malke | keane | sakər | fəker | mə̃ |
Border | Waris | ku | tea; tɛa | aŋku | nop | lomus | lelo | minde | moŋgola | towol | kəi; kəl | towol | tɛt |
Kwomtari | Pyu | uǏiʔ; wiri | Ǐɩsiʔ; lisi | kweɛ | bəmeʔ; pɛmɛʔɛ | tɛpʌǏi | rəne | asaguʔ | ɛmiʔ; kami | bəli; bɩǏiʔ | kagole; kʌkʌǏɛʔ | ib̶iʔ | |
Sko | Skou | röbe; rö́e | ta | lö | luto; lutɔ̀ | ha | kö | tãe | hi | ee | nö re; nö rɔ̀ | nɔ |
family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River | *nɛna | *gʷəɾa | *gʷas | *dzu | *s[u]w[e̝] | *te̝ | *p[ɛⁱ]n | *pɔ | *nVɾ | |||
Massep | Massep | sinome | onobe | iyi yabenayi | inyane | sinye | warane | sobe | mandoma | ɛware | yase | sirimakatiri | sane |
Mawes | Mawes | wede | was | ikinin | siwin | deŋkin | esar | bo | kani | feyt | |||
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River | *səna[ŋ] | *unduɔ | *inəmbuɔ | *jʉ | *səwip[i] | *ndi | *wɔj | *mbanu | *mbu | *kip; *kɜj | *ndəmuɔ | *tap |
Sentani | Sowari | ami | aweŋgen | nifie | ey | kuku | ya-yeŋgan | omar | yarim | payn | kara | ||
Sentani | Sentani | mi | yoku | obo | aye | do | no | hu | bu | i | duka | ||
Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause | *hɛno̝ | *unu | *ɽe̝Cne̝N | *huwini | *nisiki (?) | *bɛ[N/nV] | *bo̝C | *nawaɽo̝ | ||||
Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River | *miN | *se̝ | *pî | *ho̝C | *tɛⁱC | *h[æ/a]niC | *paka | *mi[jɛ] | *sa(-[n/ɽ]ɛN) | ɭitɪ | ||
Kosare | Proto-Kosare | *se̞ | *ho̞ | *sɛɽi | *e̞ne̞ | *mijɛ | |||||||
Kosare | Kosare | mi | sé | pi | o | ho's̪ɛri | tĩⁿdi | ɛnɛ´ⸯ | paka | biɛ | sá | 'naka | kɛmɔrɔ´ |
Kaure | Kaure | mi; mĩ | se | pi | hou; hu; ku | hore; te; wale | te; tei; teija | hafei; haɾi; harei | gaka; poka | bi; biq; gomesi | sa; saʔ; sareŋ | təsi; tɛsi; tisi | selu |
Elseng | Elseng | ku | wəs | wo | bisjas; bisyas | suŋun | sək | ninaf | mɔm | wətel; wətəl | bot; bɔt | səpat | mul |
Molof | Molof | lem | au | le | woar | nei | ar | jat; yat | tombe | le | mef | ||
Usku | Usku | nimi | lokwe | kle | weli | nei | meŋgerne | ei | jo; yo | pane | tra | ||
Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | bli | jetai; yetai | taili | kili | jaku; yaku | menti-gaku | basu | we | klo | meka | ||
West Pauwasi | Tebi | mi | lumu; olmu | alani; membi | wejalgi; weyalgi | maʔa | wuluma | ai | we | kwola | fiaʔa | ||
West Pauwasi | Towei | yemu | jek | wemu | yimap | eye | we | mafi | |||||
East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi | *jəmVɺ | *pVɺ | *and | *jVn | *naɺV, *waɺ | *jəmaɺ | *juŋg | *Vnd | *jaᵘ | *mbVɺi | *mVwaⁱ | |
Yetfa | Yetfa | ni:m; yim | say | mbaR᷈; mualə | rawi | řonǏa | yau; yo; yɔ | məlel | kel; kɛr᷈ | yaʋ; yau | təkoup; tɩkɔᵽ | miaA | |
Lepki-Murkim | Lepki | afai | haiden | ya | mom | roɣivei | kel | yaɣala | sauf | ||||
Lepki-Murkim | Murkim | afi | nel | yamul | kayakalo | kaya(bi) | kel | yo | oːn | ||||
Kembra | Kembra | tra | traləl | ya | ota | er | ya | isi | |||||
Kimki | Kimki | ã | im | maul | bwakaya | lokaya | dɪ | kamop | kwil | ||||
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | manə | jabodo | wadə | du | dogomda | namo; nomo | kəbu | amana | kue | kai | nəmai | bakoda |
Border | Awyi | tu | eəl; wŋl | wot | noj; noy | suŋul | ti | mentao | kuŋgəru | wobia; wobio | tao | ser | məŋgir |
Border | Waris | ku | unde | mi | tuawa | suul | ti | okumba | wɛs | po | sue | hon | muna |
Kwomtari | Pyu | ni; niʔ | naguʔ; nakwu | we; wɛʔ | maǏuǏiʔ; maru | Ǐio taʔ; taʔ | ga; ka | agwiʔ | ʔiʔ; yi | kamie; kʌmæ | siri; sɩliʔ | ʔonæ; ʔonɛ | |
Sko | Skou | fi | nake; nakɛ́ | pale; pálɛ | tåå; tãŋã | tã ko; tã kò | ri | rãã; rãã́ | ke | pa | ra | hũ; wũ |
family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
Tor-Kwerba | Proto-Orya-Tor River | *kʷe̝ | *bo̝s[ɛ/a] | *apa | *nawɛt | ||
Massep | Massep | kine | okabe | mnika | nabini | ||
Mawes | Mawes | ke | dimane | nano | mendakai | yakenew | |
Nimboran | Proto-Grime River | *səɺu | *kambuŋ; *ki | *sʉ | *ndam | *kapəɺaj[a] | *namuan |
Sentani | Sowari | watuga | aror | emaŋo | upu | pugwai | |
Sentani | Sentani | do | do | anəi-ko | əmbai | be | |
Kapauri | Proto-Kapauri-Sause | *na[N/nV] | *nɛbɽe̝[na] | ||||
Kaure-Kosare | Proto-Nawa River | *naⁱ | *naⁱ | *sɔɽɔtɔC | |||
Kosare | Proto-Kosare | *m[ɔ]ɽɔ | *ne̞ | *ko̞ɽapɛ | |||
Kosare | Kosare | ḑɩmɔ'kasia | morɔ | kɛnɛ´ | kora'ɸɛ | tau | |
Kaure | Kaure | debla; dido | dae | bəre; blɛ; nokomne | ganasi; kadi; kandɛ | gogotia; kauxjaʔ; kaxotia | tɾapli; təravərei; trapi |
Elseng | Elseng | sisɛu; sisew | saɔ | to | |||
Molof | Molof | lomo | anale | ti | ne | kwasekak | ateti |
Usku | Usku | mekenja; mekenya | jomia | kepo | kisifaini | narna | |
Namla-Tofanma | Tofanma | lame | ale | emi | sembe | kenano | neni |
West Pauwasi | Tebi | toŋkwar | keke | kini | ne | kərowali | kre |
West Pauwasi | Towei | tokwar | ken | nembra | giona | krana | |
East Pauwasi | Proto-East Pauwasi | *jɵ̝pɛ | *VɺVm[i] | *ɛⁱ | *pɜɺ | *aŋgVtamb | *anVŋg |
Yetfa | Yetfa | nam | namiyaA | ŋa; ntɛřᵽI | kəsa; kɛsa | ndyesel; tesyɛnsaR᷈ | |
Lepki-Murkim | Lepki | rawil | konan | gye | ɲis | kutuɣap | kaisi |
Lepki-Murkim | Murkim | frawil | wonak | ka ~ kako | ɲẽlo | hel | kais |
Kembra | Kembra | ratera | kia | ɲəm | kutina | kais | |
Kimki | Kimki | ap | kiam | aip ~ mi | auko | amatri | alas |
Senagi | Dera (Amgotro dialect) | jani- ndia | kuadedebo | tato- | mano; ŋguadu | imbu | |
Border | Awyi | kir | kuru | anɛ; na | maŋgua | naŋger | |
Border | Waris | tənda | ŋguabe | nabae | ne | muŋasəl | sambla |
Kwomtari | Pyu | tali; taliʔ | Ǐomæʔ | waŋgɛʔ | tefiye; tɛᵽiɛʔ | kasi | |
Sko | Skou | ba; keba; kébanè; teba | pemɛ̀ | kã; pã; tã | ali; alì | hĩto; hĩ́to |
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia.
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship.
The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua.
The Sepik–Ramu languages are an obsolete language family of New Guinea linking the Sepik, Ramu, Nor–Pondo, Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi) and Yuat families, together with the Taiap language isolate, and proposed by Donald Laycock and John Z'graggen in 1975.
The West Papuan languages are a proposed language family of about two dozen non-Austronesian languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula of far western New Guinea, the island of Halmahera and its vicinity, spoken by about 220,000 people in all. It is not established if they constitute a proper linguistic family or an areal network of genetically unrelated families.
The Foja Range languages, or Tor–Kwerba in more limited scope, are a family of about two dozen Papuan languages. They are named after the Foja Mountains of western New Guinea.
The Mairasi languages, also known as Etna Bay are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. They are named after Etna Bay, located in the southeastern corner of West Papua province, in Indonesia.
The Nimboran languages are a small family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Grime River and Nawa River watershed in Jayapura Regency, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. However, when proto-Nimboran pronouns are reconstructed (*genam "I" and kom or komot "thou"), they have little resemblance to the proto-TNG pronouns *na and *ga. Usher places them in a North Papuan stock that resembles Cowan's proposal.
The Ramu–Lower Sepika.k.a.Lower Sepik–Ramu languages are a proposed family of about 35 Papuan languages spoken in the Ramu and Sepik river basins of northern Papua New Guinea. These languages tend to have simple phonologies, with few consonants or vowels and usually no tones.
The Pauwasi languages are a likely family of Papuan languages, mostly in Indonesia. The subfamilies are at best only distantly related. The best described Pauwasi language is Karkar, across the border in Papua New Guinea. They are spoken around the headwaters of the Pauwasi River in the Indonesian-PNG border region.
The West Bomberai languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken on the Bomberai Peninsula of western New Guinea and in East Timor and neighboring islands of Indonesia.
The Kwalean or Humene–Uare languages are a small family of Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea. They are classified within the Southeast Papuan branch of Trans–New Guinea.
The Demta–Sentani languages form a language family of coastal Indonesian Papua near the Papua New Guinea border.
The Yam languages, also known as the Morehead River languages, are a family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages south and west of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian West Papua.
Massep is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by fewer than 50 people in the single village of Masep in West Pantai District, Sarmi Regency, Papua. Despite the small number of speakers, however, language use is vigorous. It is surrounded by the Kwerba languages Airoran and Samarokena.
The Orya–Tor languages are a family of just over a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Western New Guinea, Indonesia.
Molof is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by about 200 people in Molof village, Senggi District, Keerom Regency.
The Kwerbic, or Greater Kwerba, languages are a family of just under a dozen Papuan languages spoken in Indonesia.
The South Pauwasi languages are a likely small language family of New Guinea, potentially consisting of Yetfa, Kimki, Lepki, Murkim and Kembra.
The Lepki–Murkim languages are a pair to three recently discovered languages of New Guinea, Lepki, Murkim and possibly Kembra.