Darwin Region | |
---|---|
Geographic distribution | from Darwin area to the West Alligator River |
Linguistic classification | Proposed language family. |
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | None lara1258 (Laragia) limi1242 (Limilngan-Wulna) umbu1235 (Umbugarla) |
Darwin Region languages (red), among other non-Pama–Nyungan languages (grey). | |
Closeup. From west to east they are: Laragiya, Limilngan, and Umbugarlic. |
The Darwin Region languages are a small family of poorly attested Australian Aboriginal languages of northern Australia proposed by linguist Mark Harvey[ citation needed ]. It unites the pair of Limilngan languages with two language isolates: [1]
Ngurmbur and Bugurnidja are poorly attested extinct languages, which are joined with Umbugarla to form the Umbugarlic branch.
Tryon (2007) lists the following varieties of Umbugarla–Ngumbur:
However, nothing is known of Ngunbudj or Ngarduk, which were extinct by World War II.
The Chonan languages are a family of indigenous American languages which were spoken in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. Two Chon languages are well attested: Selk'nam, spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory in the northeast of Tierra del Fuego; and Tehuelche spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory north of Tierra del Fuego. The name 'Chon', or Tshon, is a blend of 'Tehuelche' and 'Ona'.
Ngomburr, also spelt Ngumbur, is a supposed extinct Australian Aboriginal language. It has sometimes been assumed to be a dialect of Umbugarla, but it is not attested; the only evidence to go on is that neighbouring peoples reported that it was similar to Umbugarla. It was spoken to the west of the South Alligator River, between the Ga'baarlgu and the South Alligator River, in Kakadu, Northern Territory.
Umbugarla or Mbukarla is a possible Australian language isolate once spoken by three people in Arnhem Land, northern Australia, in 1981, and is now extinct.
The Tangkic languages form a small language family of Australian Aboriginal languages spoken in northern Australia.
Takalak is a poorly attested, extinct Australian Aboriginal language of Queensland.
The Nyungic languages are the south-westernmost of the Australian Aboriginal languages:
Culle, also spelled Culli, Cullí, or Kulyi, is a poorly attested extinct language of the Andean highlands of northern Peru. It is the original language of the highlands of La Libertad Region, the south of the Cajamarca Region (Cajabamba), and the north of the Ancash region. It is known through various word lists collected while the language was still spoken and through vocabulary loaned into the Spanish spoken in the region.
The Karnic languages are a group of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family. According to Dixon (2002), these are three separate families, but Bowern (2001) establishes regular paradigmatic connections among many of the languages, demonstrating them as a genealogical group. Bowern classifies them as follows:
Cañari and Puruhá are two poorly-attested extinct languages of the Marañón River basin in Ecuador that are difficult to classify. Puruhá is scarcely attested, and Cañari is known primarily from placenames. Loukotka (1968) suggests they may have been related instead to Mochica (Yunga) in a family called Chimuan, but Adelaar (2004:397) thinks it is more likely that they were Barbacoan languages.
Limilngan, also known as Limil and Manidja, is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language of the Top End of Australia.
Wulna (Wuna) is an extinct indigenous language of Australia. It had one speaker left in 1981. It is poorly attested and only tentatively classified as being related to Limilngan.
Marrgu (Marrku) is a recently extinct Aboriginal language of northern Australia. Additional names include Ajokoot, Croker Island, Raffles Bay, Terrutong (Terutong), Yaako.
Maran or Maric is an extinct branch of the Pama–Nyungan family of Australian languages formerly spoken throughout much of Queensland by many of the Murri peoples. The well attested Maric languages are clearly related; however, many languages of the area became extinct before much could be documented of them, and their classification is uncertain. The clear Maric languages are:
The Kulinic languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family in Victoria (Australia). They are:
Ngura is a disputed and possibly spurious ethnic and language designation of central Australia. The name 'Nura', short for Ngurawarla, means 'empty camp', referring to lands abandoned after a massacre. It is not a language or ethnic designation.
Walangama is an extinct Paman language of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. It may have been one of the Southern Paman languages, but is poorly attested.
Western Tasmanian is an aboriginal language family of Tasmania in the reconstruction of Claire Bowern.
Southwestern Tasmanian, or Toogee, is a possible aboriginal language of Tasmania. It is the most poorly attested known variety of Tasmanian, and it is not clear how distinct it was. It was apparently spoken along the west coast of the island, south of Macquarie Harbour.
Juma is an extinct and poorly attested Cariban language. Kaufman (2007) placed it in his Arara branch.
The Limilngan, also known by the exonym Minitja and Buneidja, are an Aboriginal Australian people of the Northern Territory. Earlier ethnologists such as Norman Tindale referred to the group as Puneitja or variants of that spelling.