Chono | |
---|---|
Native to | Chile |
Region | Chonos Archipelago, Chiloé Archipelago |
Ethnicity | Chono people |
Extinct | 1875[ citation needed ] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
Glottolog | chon1248 |
Chono is a poorly attested extinct language of confusing classification. It is attested primarily from an 18th-century catechism, [1] which is not translated into Spanish.
Various placenames in Chiloé Archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite the main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Veliche. [2]
Campbell (2012) concludes that the language called Chono or Wayteka or Wurk-wur-we by Llaras Samitier (1967) is spurious, with the source material being a list of mixed and perhaps invented vocabulary. [3]
Viegas Barros, who postulates a relationship between Kawesqar and Yaghan, believes that 45% of the Chono vocabulary and grammatical forms correspond to one of those languages, though it is not close to either. [4]
Glottolog concludes that "There are lexical parallels with Mapuche as well as Qawesqar, ... but the core is clearly unrelated." They characterize Chono as a "language isolate", which corresponds to an unclassified language in other classifications.
The following list of Chono (Wayteka) words, as spoken in the Gulf of Penas, is from Samitier (1967). [5] It was later found to be spurious by Campbell (2012).
Chono (Wayteka) | English gloss (translated) | Spanish gloss (original) | notes (English translations) | notes (Spanish original) |
---|---|---|---|---|
tónkekoq | grandfather | abuelo | same as 'old man' | igual que ‘hombre viejo’ |
maáksa | water | agua | drinking water | agua potable |
kamóka | wing | ala | ||
neks | bitter | amargo | bitter taste | gusto amargo |
káaʃer | friend | amigo | same as 'like a son' | igual que ‘como un hijo’ |
saco | anchor | ancla | según Fitz Roy | |
noksawlek | year | año | ||
walete | plow | arado | wooden stick for removing dirt | según Fitz Roy. Pala para remover la tierra en las islas. Era de madera |
mékta | tree | árbol | any tree | cualquier árbol |
walt | bow | arco | bow for shooting arrows | arco para disparar flechas |
kénkapon | rainbow | arco iris | lit. 'eye of sky' | significa ‘ojo del cielo’ |
káukan | bustard | avutarda | ||
tékam | blue | azul | cf. tepon 'color of the sky' | también, tepon, que significa ‘color del cielo’ |
katáiʃ | whale | ballena | ||
táiʃkoq | beard | barba | beard of old man | barba del ‘hombre viejo’ |
léikse | drink | beber | ||
taiʃo | moustache | bigote | ||
wékorq | white | blanco | like foam of ocean waves | como espuma de la ola |
láur | mouth | boca | lit. 'to speak'; cf. la 'tongue' | ‘para hablar’, igual que la, lengua |
rálm | ember | brasa | ||
tákfo | sorcerer | brujo | igual que Fo, un brujo legendario | |
mókstap | head | cabeza | ||
wampus | canoe | canoa | pirogue | piragua (dalca en araucano) |
pon | sky | cielo | ||
ɣas’e | clarity | claridad | daylight (without sun); also daytime deity | la luz del día, sin sol. Divinidad diurna ... citada en sus mitos. |
swa’kalk | heart | corazón | que golpea adentro | |
ka’wais | Chiloé | Chiloé Island | our 'island of stones' | nuestra ‘isla de piedra’ |
kémaway, ketámaway | hut | choza | ||
arks | finger | dedo | also called: lek 'one' | también lo llamaban lek, que quiere decir uno |
wárʃɣa | day | día | from dawn to night | desde el amanecer hasta la noche |
mótok | doubt | dudar | same as 'to think' | igual que ‘pensar’ |
kseksel | age | edad | ||
ʃérri-ʃúpon | good spirit | espíritu bueno | lit. 'son of the sky' | el ‘hijo del cielo’ |
sacima | evil spirit | espíritu malo | ||
terk | spit | escupir | ||
kíχie | star | estrella | ||
oméke | lantern | farol | ||
pénkel | cold | frío | ||
ʃéku | fire | fuego | ||
wur | speak | hablar | ||
ʃer | son | hijo | ||
ʃérse | daughter | hija | ||
téka | native man | hombre nativo | ||
kúwa | white man | hombre blanco | Fitz Roy anota kubba | |
yagépo | winter | invierno | lit. 'time without sin' | significa ‘tiempo sin sol’ |
wa, we | island | isla | ||
ʃo | lip | labio | ||
táka | wolf | lobo | same as 'seal' | igual que foca. Píur según; Juan I. Molina. |
gérak | bright star | lucero | ||
ay | place | lugar | cf. aysen 'place of drizzle/fog' | aysen, significa lugar de las lloviznas o neblinas |
kiráke | moon | luna | ||
omése | mother | madre | ||
ma’a | mother (voc.) | mamá | first words of infants | primera voz de los niños |
ksewa | hand | mano | ||
wanéʃe | woman | mujer | ||
ksárro | blanket | manta | blanket made from dyed animal skins | carro, según Molina. Manta de pieles teñidas |
nékseks | swim | nadar | ||
ko’o | black | negro | ||
konkóse | girl | niña | ||
konkok | boy | niño | ||
λosen | snow | nieve | ||
sen | fog | niebla | also 'drizzle' | también ‘llovizna’ |
nenke | no | no | negation | negación |
pónse | cloud | nube | means 'fog of the sky' | ‘niebla del cielo’ |
cincimen | otter | nutria | según Juan I. Molina | |
ʃóko | ocean | océano | Pacific Ocean | el océano Pacífico |
pérkse | darkness | obscuridad | same as 'night' | igual que la noche. Divinidad nocturna |
ténkok | father | padre | ||
áwitem | paradise | paraíso | afterworld | mansión en que imaginaban a sus muertos |
táiʃ | hair | pelo | ||
téwa | dog | perro | dogs to help with fishing | perro, que empleaban para ayudarles en la pesca |
akína | priest | papa | priests in the forest | papas silvestres. Darwin anota el mismo vocablo |
ménka | foot | pie | ||
éwenk | blood | sangre | animal blood | sangre de animales |
wíwe | whistle (v., n.) | silbar, silbido | ||
kilineχa | rope | soga | rope from plant fibers | soga vegetal según Juan I. Molina |
gépon | sun | sol | ||
wil | south | sud | also 'southerly wind' | también llamaban asi al viento frío del sud |
sékewil | dream | sueño | ||
tiki | table, plank | tabla o tablón | canoe planks | tablones de las canoas. Según Molina también nombre de un árbol |
wask | earth | tierra | ||
kákwe | green | verde | same as prairie grass | igual que el pasto de las vegas |
pokéye | summer | verano | sunny season, 'to shine (of sky)' | tiempo de sol, ‘brilla el cielo’ |
áriɣm | wind | viento | storm winds only | únicamente el viento de la tempestad |
lek | one | uno | ||
wo, wotok | two | dos | dos, ‘un par’ | |
kselek | three | tres | ||
wowo | four | cuatro | 2 x 2 | dos pares |
ksewo | five | cinco | 5 | una mano |
kselekwo | six | seis | 2 x 3 | tres, dos veces |
ksewowo | seven | siete | 3+4 | tres, más cuatro |
ksewowolek | eight | ocho | 5+2+1 | una mano, un par y uno |
lekwonenk | nine | nueve | 5+5-1 | dos manos menos uno |
wire | ten | diez | 5+5 | o wire-ksewo, dos manos completas |
This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the Indigenous languages of the Americas. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not correspond to these divisions.
Comecrudan refers to a group of possibly related languages spoken in the southernmost part of Texas and in northern Mexico along the Rio Grande of which Comecrudo is the best known. These were spoken by the Comecrudo people. Very little is known about these languages or the people who spoke them. Knowledge of them primarily consists of word lists collected by European missionaries and explorers. All Comecrudan languages are extinct.
The Chonan languages are a family of indigenous American languages which were spoken in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia. Two Chon languages are well attested: Selk'nam, spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory in the northeast of Tierra del Fuego; and Tehuelche spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory north of Tierra del Fuego. The name 'Chon', or Tshon, is a blend of 'Tehuelche' and 'Ona'.
Barbacoan is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.
Máku, also spelled Mako, and in the language itself Jukude, is an unclassified language and likely language isolate once spoken on the Brazil–Venezuela border in Roraima along the upper Uraricoera and lower Auari rivers, west of Boa Vista, by the Jukudeitse. 300 years ago, the Jukude territory was between the Padamo and Cunucunuma rivers to the southwest.
Ona, also known as Selk'nam (Shelknam), is a language spoken by the Selk'nam people in Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego in southernmost South America.
Chimuan or Yuncan is a hypothetical small extinct language family of northern Peru and Ecuador.
Puelche was a language formerly spoken by the Puelche people in the Pampas region of Argentina. The language is also known as Gününa Küne, Gennaken (Guenaken), Northern Tehuelche, Gününa Yajich, Ranquelche, and Pampa.
Katukinan (Catuquinan) is a language family consisting of two languages in Brazil, Katukina-Kanamarí and the perhaps moribund Katawixi. It is often not clear which names in the literature, which are generally tribal names and often correspond to dialects, refer to distinct languages. Indeed, they're close enough that some consider them all to be dialects of a single language, Kanamari.
Harakmbut or Harakmbet is the native language of the Harakmbut people of Peru. It is spoken along the Madre de Dios and Colorado Rivers, in the pre-contact country of the people. There are two dialects that remain vital: Amarakaeri (Arakmbut) and Watipaeri (Huachipaeri), which are reported to be mutually intelligible. The relationship between speakers of the two dialects is hostile.
Tequiraca–Canichana is a possible language family proposed in Kaufman (1994) uniting two erstwhile language isolates, Canichana of Bolivia and Tequiraca of Peru, both of which are either extinct or nearly so. The proposal is not included in Campbell (2012).
Sechura–Catacao is a proposed connection between the small Catacaoan language family of Peru and the language isolate Sechura (Sek). The languages are extremely poorly known, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, Campbell (2012) persuasive.
Pasto is a purported Barbacoan language that was spoken by Indigenous people of Pasto, Colombia and Carchi Province, Ecuador. It is now extinct.
Warao is the native language of the Warao people. A language isolate, it is spoken by about 33,000 people primarily in northern Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname. It is notable for its unusual object–subject–verb word order. The 2015 Venezuelan film Gone with the River was spoken in Warao.
The Tiniwan languages are two extinct and one moribund language of Colombia that form a small family.
Taruma (Taruamá) is a divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language. The people and language are known as Saluma in Suriname.
Otomaco and Taparita are two long-extinct languages of the Venezuelan Llanos.
Kukurá is a spurious language, fabricated by an interpreter in Brazil.
The Marañón River basin, at a low point in the Andes which made it an attractive location for trade between the Inca Empire and the Amazon basin, once harbored numerous languages which have been poorly attested or not attested at all. Those of the middle reaches of the river, above the Amazon basin, were replaced in historical times by Aguaruna, a Jivaroan language from the Amazon which is still spoken there. The languages further upriver are difficult to identify, due to lack of data. The region was multilingual at the time of the Conquest, and the people largely switched to Spanish rather than to Quechua, though Quechua also expanded during Colonial times.
Puruhá and Campbell (2012) is a poorly attested extinct language of the Marañón River basin in Ecuador which is difficult to classify, apart from being apparently related to Cañari, though it may have been Barbacoan.