Chono language

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Chono
Native to Chile
Region Chonos Archipelago, Chiloé Archipelago
Ethnicity Chono people
Extinct 1875[ citation needed ]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 None (mis)
Glottolog chon1248

Chono is a poorly attested extinct language of confusing classification. It is attested primarily from an 18th-century catechism, [1] which is not translated into Spanish.

Contents

Various placenames in Chiloé Archipelago have Chono etymologies, despite the main indigenous language of the archipelago at the arrival of the Spanish being Veliche. [2]

Classification

Campbell (2012) concludes that the language called Chono or Wayteka or Wurk-wur-we by Llaras Samitier (1967) is spurious, with the source material being a list of mixed and perhaps invented vocabulary. [3]

Viegas Barros, who postulates a relationship between Kawesqar and Yaghan, believes that 45% of the Chono vocabulary and grammatical forms correspond to one of those languages, though it is not close to either. [4]

Glottolog concludes that "There are lexical parallels with Mapuche as well as Qawesqar, ... but the core is clearly unrelated." They characterize Chono as a "language isolate", which corresponds to an unclassified language in other classifications.

Samitier (1967) word list

The following list of Chono (Wayteka) words, as spoken in the Gulf of Penas, is from Samitier (1967). [5] It was later found to be spurious by Campbell (2012).

Chono (Wayteka)English gloss
(translated)
Spanish gloss
(original)
notes
(English translations)
notes
(Spanish original)
tónkekoqgrandfatherabuelosame as 'old man'igual que ‘hombre viejo’
maáksawateraguadrinking wateragua potable
kamókawingala
neksbitteramargobitter tastegusto amargo
káaʃerfriendamigosame as 'like a son'igual que ‘como un hijo’
sacoanchoranclasegún Fitz Roy
noksawlekyearaño
waleteplowaradowooden stick for removing dirtsegún Fitz Roy. Pala para remover la tierra en las islas. Era de madera
méktatreeárbolany treecualquier árbol
waltbowarcobow for shooting arrowsarco para disparar flechas
kénkaponrainbowarco irislit. 'eye of sky'significa ‘ojo del cielo’
káukanbustardavutarda
tékamblueazulcf. tepon 'color of the sky'también, tepon, que significa ‘color del cielo’
katáiʃwhaleballena
táiʃkoqbeardbarbabeard of old manbarba del ‘hombre viejo’
léiksedrinkbeber
taiʃomoustachebigote
wékorqwhiteblancolike foam of ocean wavescomo espuma de la ola
láurmouthbocalit. 'to speak'; cf. la 'tongue'‘para hablar’, igual que la, lengua
rálmemberbrasa
tákfosorcererbrujoigual que Fo, un brujo legendario
mókstapheadcabeza
wampuscanoecanoa pirogue piragua (dalca en araucano)
ponskycielo
ɣas’eclarityclaridaddaylight (without sun); also daytime deityla luz del día, sin sol. Divinidad diurna ... citada en sus mitos.
swa’kalkheartcorazónque golpea adentro
ka’waisChiloé Chiloé Island our 'island of stones'nuestra ‘isla de piedra’
kémaway, ketámawayhutchoza
arksfingerdedoalso called: lek 'one'también lo llamaban lek, que quiere decir uno
wárʃɣadaydíafrom dawn to nightdesde el amanecer hasta la noche
mótokdoubtdudarsame as 'to think'igual que ‘pensar’
ksekselageedad
ʃérri-ʃúpongood spiritespíritu buenolit. 'son of the sky'el ‘hijo del cielo’
sacimaevil spiritespíritu malo
terkspitescupir
kíχiestarestrella
omékelanternfarol
pénkelcoldfrío
ʃékufirefuego
wurspeakhablar
ʃersonhijo
ʃérsedaughterhija
tékanative manhombre nativo
kúwawhite manhombre blancoFitz Roy anota kubba
yagépowinterinviernolit. 'time without sin'significa ‘tiempo sin sol’
wa, weislandisla
ʃoliplabio
tákawolflobosame as 'seal'igual que foca. Píur según; Juan I. Molina.
gérakbright starlucero
ayplacelugarcf. aysen 'place of drizzle/fog'aysen, significa lugar de las lloviznas o neblinas
kirákemoonluna
omésemothermadre
ma’amother (voc.)mamáfirst words of infantsprimera voz de los niños
ksewahandmano
wanéʃewomanmujer
ksárroblanketmantablanket made from dyed animal skinscarro, según Molina. Manta de pieles teñidas
nékseksswimnadar
ko’oblacknegro
konkósegirlniña
konkokboyniño
λosensnownieve
senfognieblaalso 'drizzle'también ‘llovizna’
nenkenononegationnegación
pónsecloudnubemeans 'fog of the sky'‘niebla del cielo’
cincimenotternutriasegún Juan I. Molina
ʃókooceanocéanoPacific Oceanel océano Pacífico
pérksedarknessobscuridadsame as 'night'igual que la noche. Divinidad nocturna
ténkokfatherpadre
áwitemparadiseparaísoafterworldmansión en que imaginaban a sus muertos
táiʃhairpelo
téwadogperrodogs to help with fishingperro, que empleaban para ayudarles en la pesca
akínapriestpapapriests in the forestpapas silvestres. Darwin anota el mismo vocablo
ménkafootpie
éwenkbloodsangreanimal bloodsangre de animales
wíwewhistle (v., n.)silbar, silbido
kilineχaropesogarope from plant fiberssoga vegetal según Juan I. Molina
géponsunsol
wilsouthsudalso 'southerly wind'también llamaban asi al viento frío del sud
sékewildreamsueño
tikitable, planktabla o tablóncanoe plankstablones de las canoas. Según Molina también nombre de un árbol
waskearthtierra
kákwegreenverdesame as prairie grassigual que el pasto de las vegas
pokéyesummerveranosunny season, 'to shine (of sky)'tiempo de sol, ‘brilla el cielo’
áriɣmwindvientostorm winds onlyúnicamente el viento de la tempestad
lekoneuno
wo, wotoktwodosdos, ‘un par’
kselekthreetres
wowofourcuatro2 x 2dos pares
ksewofivecinco5una mano
kselekwosixseis2 x 3tres, dos veces
ksewowosevensiete3+4tres, más cuatro
ksewowolekeightocho5+2+1una mano, un par y uno
lekwonenkninenueve5+5-1dos manos menos uno
wiretendiez5+5o wire-ksewo, dos manos completas

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References

  1. Doctrina para los viejos chonos (published in Bausani 1975)
  2. Ibar Bruce, Jorge (1960). "Ensayo sobre los indios Chonos e interpretación de sus toponimías". Anales de la Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 117: 61–70.
  3. Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN   9783110255133.
  4. Adelaar & Muysken, 2005. The languages of the Andes
  5. Samitier, Liaras. 1967. El grupo chono o wayteka y los demas pueblos fuegopatagonia. Runa 10. 1-2:123-94 (Buenos Aires).