Related Research Articles
The Maxakalían languages are a group of related indigenous languages of Brazil, named after Maxakalí, the one surviving language in the group. Many of the other, extinct, languages are poorly attested and linguists differ in the languages they identify as part of the group. The Maxakalían group is today usually considered part of the Macro-Jê language family.
Yurumanguí is an extinct language that was spoken along the Yurumanguí River of Colombia. It is known only through a short list of words and phrases recorded by Father Christoval Romero and given by him to Captain Sebastián Lanchas de Estrada, who included them in the report of his travels of 1768. Thereafter the language and its speakers disappear from the historical record.
Chiquitano is an indigenous language isolate spoken in the central region of Santa Cruz Department of eastern Bolivia and the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil.
Arutani is a nearly extinct language spoken in Roraima, Brazil and in the Karum River area of Bolivar State, Venezuela. There are only around 6 speakers left.
The Karirí languages, generally considered dialects of a single language, were a group of languages formerly spoken by the Kiriri people of Brazil. It was spoken until the middle of the 20th century; the 4,000 ethnic Kiriri are now monolingual Portuguese speakers, though a few know common phrases and names of medicinal plants.
Banzaê is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
Kiriri people are indigenous people of Eastern Brazil. Their name is also spelled Cariri or Kariri and is a Tupi word meaning "silent" or "taciturn".
The Kamakã languages are a small family of extinct Macro-Jê languages of Bahía, northeastern Brazil. The attested Kamakã languages are:
Katembri–Taruma is a language family proposed by Kaufman (1990) that links two extinct or critically endangered languages of South America:
The Otí language, also known as Chavante or Euchavante, is a language isolate once spoken in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, between the Peixe and Pardo rivers. The language became extinct at the beginning of the 20th century, and the last ethnic Oti died in 1988. Only a few word lists are preserved.
Xocó is a dead and poorly attested language or languages of Brazil that is not known to be related to other languages. It is known from three populations: Xokó (Chocó) in Sergipe, Kariri-Xocó in Alagoas, and Xukuru-Kariri in Alagoas. It is not clear if these were one language or three. It is only known from a few dozen words from one Kariri-Xoco elder and three Xukuru-Kariri elders in 1961.
Tuxá was the eastern Brazilian language of the Tuxá people, who now speak Portuguese. The language ceased being spoken in the late 19th century, but in the 1960s a research team found two women that had been expelled from the Tuxa tribe in Bahia who knew some thirty words.
Taruma (Taruamá) is a divergent language of northeastern South America. It has been reported to be extinct several times since as far back as 1770, but Eithne Carlin discovered the last three speakers living in Maruranau among the Wapishana, and is documenting the language. The people and language are known as Saluma in Suriname.
Tarairiú (Caratiú) is an language of eastern Brazil. The Tarairiú Nation was divided into several etnies: the Janduí, Kanindé, Payakú, Jenipapo, Jenipapo-Kanindé, Javó, Kamaçu, Takarijú, Ariús, Pêgas, Caratiús, Coremas, Panatís, Paratiós, Piancós, Xukurú among others.
Kipeá (Quipea), or Kariri, was a Karirian language of Brazil. It is sometimes considered a dialect of a single Kariri language. A short grammatical treatment is available.
Masakará is an extinct language related to Kamakã. It is one of the Macro-Jê languages of Brazil. It was once spoken south of the city of Juazeiro and at the old mission of Saco dos Morcegos.
Xukurú is an indigenous language of Brazil. It is also known as Ichikile. It is known only from a few word lists and a sketch by Geraldo Lapenda (1962).
Makoní is an extinct Maxakalian language of Brazil. It is documented in word lists collected in 1816-1818.
Kapoxó is an extinct Maxakalian language of Brazil.
References
- 1 2 Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages . Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- ↑ Bandeira, Maria de Lourdes. 1972. Os Kariris de Mirandela: Um Grupo Indígena Integrado . Estudos Baianos 6. Salvador: Universidade Federal da Bahia. (Apêndice "Sobrevivência lingüística", p. 111-118; "Bibliografia", p. 169-171)
- 1 2 Métraux, Alfred. 1951. Une nouvelle langue Tapuya de la région de Bahia, (Brésil). Journal de la société des américanistes, Année 1951, Volume 40, Numéro 1. p. 51-58.