Cahuapanan | |
---|---|
Kawapanan | |
Geographic distribution | Peru |
Linguistic classification | Macro-Jibaro ?
|
Subdivisions | |
Glottolog | cahu1265 |
The Cahuapanan languages are a language family spoken in the Amazon basin of northern Peru. They include two languages, Chayahuita and Jebero, which are spoken by more than 11,300 people. Chayahuita is spoken by most of that number, but Jebero is almost extinct.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kechua, Arawak, Kandoshi, Pukina, and Karib language families due to contact. [1]
Glottolog classifies the extinct language Maynas as close to Chawi.
Other Cahuapanan varieties that are listed by Loukotka (1968): [2]
Proto-Cahuapanan | |
---|---|
Proto-Kawapanan | |
Reconstruction of | Cahuapanan languages |
Rojas-Berscia (2019) gives the following forms for Proto-Kawapanan, along with their respective Shawi, and Shiwilu reflexes. [4]
gloss | Proto-Kawapanan | Shawi | Shiwilu |
---|---|---|---|
agouti | *îtɘʔ | ihtɘʔ | ɘttʃɘk |
Aipena River | *aîpina ~ *îpina | aipina | ɘrpina |
anona | *aɘ ~ *ɘ | ɘ-(ʃa), aɘ | ɘk-pi |
apangora crab | *sîwa | ʃiwa | sɘrwa |
armadillo | *tiʔlɘ(ʔ) | tɘʔnɘ-ʃa(ʔ)wɘ | tʃiʔlɘk |
bat | *isɘʔ | isɘʔ | iʃɘk |
belly | *yuʔ | yoʔ | ð̞u ʔ |
bird | *iLansîʔ, *ilansîʔ | inansi-raʔ, ina(i)nʃi-ra ~ inai-ra | ilansɘrʔ |
bite | *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- | kɘ-tɘ- | ki-tɘk- |
blood | *wɘLa-yɘʔ | wɘna-iʔ | wɘkla-ð̞ek |
boa | *kupi-wan | kopi-wan | kupiwan |
boquichico | *wankî | wanki | wankɘr-tʃɘk |
breadfruit | *pîtu | pito | pɘttʃu |
brother (of a woman) | *yuʔyuʔ | yoʔyoʔ | yuyuʔ |
burn (vt.) | *yiʔsîʔ- | iʔʃi- 'dip into salt’ | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ- |
carry | *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- |
chest | *tiʔ-tɘʔ | tɘʔ-tɘʔ ‘breast (of birds)’ | tʃiʔ-tɘk |
choro monkey | *suluʔ | soroʔ | suluʔ |
cicada | *kaʼyula | kaʔyora | kað̞ula |
condor | *tamɘ | tamɘ | tamɘk |
coto monkey | *luʔluʔ | noʔnoʔ | luʔluʔ |
cover:CL | *-tɘʔ | -tɘʔ | -tɘk |
cunchi | *tuʔwan | toʔwan | tuʔwan |
cunchi (fish sp.) | *ikîa-La ~ *ikîla-La | ikia-na < *îkîa-{l/n}a | ikɘλa-la |
cunchi, tullu uma | *tuʔwan | toʔwan | tuʔwan |
curassow | *iʼsa | iʔsa | iʃa |
ear | *wɘ | wɘ-ra-tɘʔ | wɘk |
earth | *luʔpaʔ | noʔpaʔ | luʔpaʔ |
earth:CL | *-luʔ | -nuʔ | - luʔ |
egg | *kayuʔ | kayoʔ | kað̞uʔ |
evening star | *îʔwa-yu | iʔwa-yo | ɘrʔwa-ð̞u |
feather, bodily hair | *anpuluʔ | anporoʔ | anpuluʔ |
fire | *pɘn | pɘn | pɘn |
firewood | *yiwɘ | iwɘ | ð̞iwɘk |
fish | *samî | sami | samɘr |
floodplain | *titɘ(ʔ)-pi | tɘtɘ-pi ~ tɘti-wi | tʃitɘk-pi-luʔ |
flower | *yanku | yanko | ð̞anku |
foot | *lan-tɘʔ | nan-tɘʔ | lan-tɘk |
genipa | *ɘsa | isa | ɘksa |
giant armadillo | *ipɘ | ɘpɘ ~ ipɘ | ipɘk |
hair | *aîn ~ *în | ain | ɘrn |
head | *mutuʔ | motoʔ | mutuʔ |
horn | *pɘnmun | pomon | pɘnmun |
house | *piyɘʔ | pɘiʔ | pið̞ɘk |
huaman samana tree | *anpînian | anpinian | anpɘnɲan |
huangana | *laman | naman | laman |
huasaco | *aʔlanan | aʔnanan | aʔlanan |
huito tree | *ɘsa | isa | ɘksa |
husband | *suʔya | suʔya, suʔ-in | suð̞a, suð̞-in |
irapai palm | *panpɘ | panpɘ | panpɘk-lu |
jaguar | *niʼniʔ | niʔniʔ | ɲiɲiʔ(-wa) |
knee | *tuʔtuʔpi | toʔtopi | tuʔtuʔpi |
leaf for the roof | *paLi | pani-ra | paʎi |
leg | *tuLa | tona | tula |
liquid:CL | *-yɘʔ | -iʔ | -ð̞ɘk |
lisa fish | *nîka-la | nika-ra | nɘrka-la |
louse | *timɘn | tɘmɘn | tʃimɘn |
macana fish | *sîʼwi(n) | ʃiʔwi-roʔ | sɘrwin |
maize | *tiʔtîʔ | ʃiʔʃiʔ < *tîʔtîʔ | tʃitɘr ~ tʃitɘrʔ |
mammal sp. | *puʔsî | poʔʃi ‘squirrel sp.’ | puʔsɘr ‘pygmy-marmoset’ |
manioc | *kîʔ | kiʔ | kɘrʔ |
maquisapa | *tuʼya | toʔya | tuð̞a |
moriche palm | *tipî | ʃipi < *tîpî | tʃipɘr ~ tʃipɘrʔ |
mosquito net | *tipî-tɘʔ | ʃipi-tɘʔ < *tîpî-tɘʔ | tʃipɘr-tʃɘk ~ tʃipɘt-tʃɘk |
mouth, language | *lanlan/*lanlam-V-, *laʔlaʔ | nanan / nanam-ɘn | |
musmuque monkey | *kuyɘ | kuwi | kuð̞ɘk |
nail | *tuʔ-tɘ(ʔ)-la | toʔ-tɘ-ra-tɘʔ | tuʔtɘk-la |
name | *linlin | ninin | ʎinʎin |
nose | *nî-tɘʔ | ni-tɘʔ | nɘrtʃɘk ~ nɘttʃɘk |
opossum | *ana-sî | anaʃi | anasɘr |
otter | *yɘnni | ini | ð̞ɘnɲi |
over | *ayi- | ai- | að̞i- |
pain in the eye | *yaʼpi- | yaʔpi-ra ‘eye’ | ð̞api- |
pineapple | *sînpa | ʃinpa | sɘrnpa |
platanillo | *tanku | tanko ‘platanillo’ | tanku ‘banana’ |
porcupine | *sisɘ(ʔ) | sɘsɘʔ ~ sɘsɘ | sisɘk ~ siʔsɘk |
pressing with fingernails | *yɘʔ- | iʔ- | ð̞ɘk- |
pucacuru ant | *lipî | nipi | lipɘr-λa |
pus | *yuLîʔ | yoniʔ | ð̞ulɘrʔ-yuʔ |
rain | *uʔlan | oʔnan | uʔlan |
recently/late, afternoon | *îʔwa | iʔwa | ɘrʔwa |
reed | *siwî(n) | ʃiwi | siwɘn-ɲan |
river mouth | *tinpîn-nan / *tinpîn-nam- | tʃinpinam-ɘn | tʃinpɘnɲan |
root | *i-tɘʔ | i-tɘʔ | i-tɘk |
rope | *iLa-lin | ina-rin | ila-ʎin |
sachavaca, tapir | *panwala | pawara | panwala |
sand | *yî-luʔ-tɘʔ | i-nu-tɘʔ | ð̞ɘ-λuʔ-tɘk |
scare | *ayi(ʔ)wan | aiwan | að̞iwan- |
shrimp | *wan | wan-ʃa | wan-ʃɘn |
sister (of a man) | *utî | oʃi, uʃi | utɘr |
sister (of a woman) | *kayɘ | kai, 3 kai-n | kað̞ɘk, kað̞ɘ-n |
sour | *aî- ~ *î- | ai- | ɘr- |
sweet | *kasî- | kaʃi | kasɘr |
termite | *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... ~ *îʔtɘ(ʔ)l... | iʔtɘrɘʔ | ɘttʃɘkla |
thief (> to steal) | *apî(ʔ) | apiʔ | apɘr- |
thin | *simɘn | ʃimɘn- | simɘn |
thorn | *lawan | nawan | lawan |
tick | *tɘpa | tɘpa | tɘkpa |
to believe | *latɘ(ʔ)- | natɘ- | latɘk- |
to bite | *ki-tɘ(ʔ)- | kɘtɘ- | kitɘk |
to burn | *aʼpɘ(ʔ)- | aʔpɘ- | apɘk- |
to burn (vt.) | *yiʔsîʔ- | iʔʃi- ‘to dip into salt’ < *yîʔsî- | ð̞iʔsɘrʔ |
to bury | *paʼpîʔ- | paʔpi- | papɘrʔ- |
to carry | *piʔpɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔpɘ- | piʔpɘk- |
to climb | *nanpɘ(ʔ)- | nanpɘ- | nanpɘk- |
to come | *wɘʔ- | wɘʔ- | wɘk- |
to crawl | *patɘ(ʔ)- | patɘ- | patɘk- |
to cut | *pɘʔtɘ(ʔ)- ~ *pɘʼtɘ(ʔ)- | pɘʔtɘ- | pɘktɘk- |
to die | *timin- | tʃimin- | tʃimin- |
to die out | *takîʔ- | taki- | takɘrʔ |
to eat, to have sex | *kaʔ- | kaʔ- | kaʔ- |
to end | *nanîʔ- | nani- ‘to end’ | nanɘrʔ- ‘to forget, to flee’ |
to fly | *pɘn- | pɘn- | pɘn- |
to fry, to singe | *kɘ-, *kɘ-t- | kɘ-t- | kɘk- |
to gnaw | *wɘLu- | wɘno- | wɘklu- |
to jump | *inyɘ(ʔ)- | nii- | inð̞ɘk |
to kneel | *iyɘnsun- | ison- | yɘnsun- |
to know | *luwî- | nowi- | luwɘr- |
to meet (to find?) | *kapîʔ- | na-kapi- | kapɘrʔ- |
to plant | *tîaʔ- | ʃaʔ- | tɘra- |
to pour | *pasîʔ- | paʃi- ‘to perfume’ | pasɘrʔ- |
to see | *liʔ- | niʔ- | ʎiʔ- |
to sting | *wî- | wi- | wɘr- |
to suck, to lick | *iluʔ- | iro- | iluʔ- |
to sweep | *witɘ(ʔ)- | wɘtɘ- ‘to extend’ | witɘk- |
to tie | *tɘnpuʔ- | tonpoʔ ‘bundle’, tonpo- ~ tɘnpo- | tɘnpuʔ- |
to untie | *ɘʔkî- ~ *ɘʼkî- | iʔki-ri- | ɘkkɘr |
tocon monkey | *tukun | tokon | tukun |
tongue | *ninɘ(ʔ)-la | nɘnɘ-ra | ɲinɘk-la |
toucan | *yuʼwin | yoʔwin | ð̞uwin |
trace | *îʔla | iʔna- | ɘrʔʎa |
vein, sinew, tendon | *îpa-tɘʔ | ipa-tɘʔ | ɘrpa-tɘk |
vine:CL | *-lin | -rin | -lin |
vulture | *supuʔ | sopoʔ | supuʔ |
water | *yɘʔ | iʔ | ð̞ɘk |
who | *yɘn | in | ð̞ɘn |
wound (> to get spoilt, ugly) | *apîʔ | apiʔ | apɘrʔ |
yanguaturi (armadillo sp.) | *ipɘ | ɘpɘ/ipɘ | ipɘk |
you | *kɘnma | kɘma | kɘnma |
Valenzuela (2011) gives the following Swadesh list table for the Proto-Cahuapana, Jebero, and Chayahuita. [5]
no. | Spanish gloss | English gloss | Proto-Cahuapana | Jebero | Chayahuita |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | yo, me, a mí | I | *kʷa | kʷa, -ku | ka, ku |
2 | tú | you | *kɨma | kənma | kɨma |
3a | nosotros (exclusivo) | we (exclusive) | *k[u/i]ja | kuða | kija |
3b | nosotros (inclusivo) | we (inclusive) | *k[ɨ/a]npu(ʔ)wa(ʔ) | kənmuʔwa | kanpuwa, kamuwa |
4 | este | this | *[a/i]suʔ | asuʔ | isuʔ |
5 | él, ella | he, she | *[na/i]na | nana | iná |
6 | ¿quién? | who? | ðən | intaʔ | |
7 | ¿qué? | what? | *ma(ʔ) | maʔnən | maʔtaʔ |
8 | no | no | *kuʔ | kuʔlaʔ | kuʔ |
9a | todos | all (pl.) | iɲəɾðapəɾ | kaʔipinan | |
9b | todo | all (sg.) | iɲə | jaʔipiɾa | |
10 | mucho | many | *na(ʔ)ku(n) | nakusuʔ | naʔkun 'muchos' ("many, pl.") |
11 | uno | one | *a(ʔ)ɾaʔ | alaʔsaʔ | aʔnaʔ |
12 | dos | two | *katuʔ | katuʔtaʔ | katuʔ |
13 | grande | big | aʔʎupi | panka | |
14 | largo | long | ʃin | napuɾupi | |
15 | pequeño | small | aʔməɾ | waʔwiʃin | |
16 | mujer | woman | kuʔapəɾ | sanapi | |
17 | hombre, varón | man, male | ənmupinən | kɨmapi | |
18 | persona | person | muðaʔ | pijapi | |
19 | pájaro | bird | ʃunpula | inaiɾa | |
20a | jaguar | jaguar | *ni[ʔ]niʔ | ɲiɲiʔ | niʔniʔ |
20b | perro | dog | ɲiɲiʔwa | niʔniɾa | |
21 | piojo | louse | *timɨn | tʃimən | tɨmɨn |
22 | árbol | tree | *naɾa | nala | naɾa |
23 | semilla, ojo | seed, eye | *ɾaja | laða | -ɾaja 'cara, ojo, semilla' ("face, eye, seed") |
24 | hoja | sheet | lalumək | wɨɾun- | |
25 | raíz | root | *itɨk | iɾək | itɨʔ |
26 | corteza | bark | tʃipiɾək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | |
27 | piel | skin | tʃipitək | ʃaʔwɨtɨʔ | |
28 | carne | meat | tʃutʃu | nuʃa | |
29 | sangre | blood | uklaðək | wɨnaiʔ | |
30 | hueso | bone | *ɾans[i/ɨ]ʔ | lansiʔ | nansɨʔ |
31 | grasa | fat, grease | *ija | ija- | ija- 'freír' |
32 | fuego | fire | *pɨn | pən | pɨn |
33 | huevo | egg | *kajuʔ | kaðuʔ | kajuʔ |
34 | sangre | blood | wiʔwək | pumun | |
35 | hueso | bone | ʎintək | winan | |
36 | pluma | feather | *anpuɾuʔ | anpuluʔ | anpuɾuʔ |
37 | pez | fish | *sami | saməɾ | sami |
38 | pelo | hair | *ain(tɨk) | əntʃək | ain |
39 | cabeza | head | *mutuʔ | mutuʔ | mutuʔ |
40 | oreja | ear | *w[i(ʔ)/ɨ]ɾatɨk | wiʔwək | wɨɾatɨʔ |
41 | ojo | eye | *ja(ʔ)pi | ðapi- 'doler el ojo' ("the eye hurts") | jaʔpiɾa |
41b | ojo, cara | eye, face | laða | -ɾaja 'clasificador' ("classifier") | |
42 | uña | nail | *tuʔtɨ(k)ɾa | tuʔtəkla | tuʔtɨɾatɨʔ |
43 | respirar | breathe | *n[i/ɨ]tɨk | nəʔttʃək (< nəɾ + -tək) | nitɨʔ |
44 | boca | mouth | *ɾaʔɾa[ʔ/n] | laʔlaʔ | nanan |
45 | diente | tooth | *ɾatɨk | latək | natiʔ |
46 | lengua | tongue | *ninɨkɾa | ɲinəkla | nɨnɨɾa |
47 | pie | foot | *ɾantɨk | lantək | nantɨʔ |
48 | rodilla | knee | *tutuʔtu[ʔ]pi | tuʔtuʔpi | tuʔtupitɨʔ |
49 | mano | hand | itəkla | imiɾa | |
50 | barriga | belly | *juʔ | məɾpi; ikəɾ-ðu(ʔ) 'doler la baɾɾiga' ("the belly hurts") | juʔnau |
51 | cuello | neck | *kuɾupi | kulupi 'manzana de Adán' ("Adam's apple") | kunupi |
52 | seno | breast | muðin | ʃuʔʃu | |
53 | corazón | heart | *jinɾupi | ðinlupi | ninupi |
54 | hígado | liver | *kankan | kankan | kankan |
55 | beber | drink | *uʔu- | u- | uʔu |
56 | comer | eat | *kaʔ | kaʔ- | kaʔ |
57 | morder | bite | *kitɨ(k) | kitək- | kɨtɨ- |
58 | ver | see | *ɾiʔ | ʎiʔ- | niʔ- |
59 | oír | hear | lawək- | natan- | |
60 | saber | know | ɲintʃi- 'aprender' ("to catch") | nitotɨ- | |
61 | dormir | sleep | *w[i/ɨ]C(ʔ) | witʃiʔ- | wɨʔɨ- |
62 | morir | die | *timin | tʃimin- | tʃimin- |
63 | matar | kill | ðiʔ- | tɨpa- | |
64 | nadar | swim | *(i)jun | iðun- | jun- |
65 | volar | fly | *pɨn | pənnuʔ- | pɨn- |
66 | ir | go | *paʔ | paʔ- | paʔ- |
67 | venir | come | *wɨ(k) | wək- | wɨ- |
68 | estar echado, echarse | lying down | pəkkwaʔ- | kɨwɨn- 'echarse' ("to lie down") | |
69 | estar sentado, sentarse | seated | ðuʔ- | wɨnsɨ- | |
70 | estar parado | standing up | *wani | wanəɾ- | wani- |
71 | dar | give | ənkaʔ- | kɨtɨ- | |
72 | decir | say | *it(ɨ/u) | (i)ɾ- | itɨ- 'dice' ("say") |
73 | sol | sun | kəkki | piʔi | |
74 | luna | moon | *juki | ðukəɾ | juki |
75 | estrella | star | *ta(n)juɾa | tanðula | tajuɾa |
76 | agua | water | ðək | iʔʃa, tɨʔkɨin 'río' ("river") | |
77 | lluvia | rain | *uʔɾan | uʔlan | uʔnan |
78 | piedra | stone | *ɾaʔpi | laʔpi | naʔpi |
79 | arena | sand | ðəʎuʔtɨk, kaʎiluʔ | inutɨʔ | |
80 | tierra | earth | *ɾu(ʔ)paʔ | lupaʔ | nuʔpaʔ |
81 | nube | cloud | ðinpanluʔtək | wiɾiɾuʔtɨ, jaɾaɾuʔtɨ, piʔiɾutɨ, ʃituɾuʔ | |
82 | humo | smoke | kəʎu | kunaiʔ | |
83 | ceniza | ashes | *jaɾuʔ | pənðaluʔ | januʔ |
84 | quemar(se) | burn | *w[i/ɨ](ʔ)ki | wəʔkəɾ- | wiki- |
85 | camino | road | intʃilala | iɾa | |
86a | cerro | mountain | *mutupi | mutupi | mutupi |
86b | selva | jungle | *tanan | tanan | tanan |
87 | rojo | red | pipəɾ | kɨwan | |
88 | verde | green | wawa 'una fruta' ("a fruit"), aðawaʔ 'opaco' ("opaque") | kanuɾa | |
89 | amarillo | yellow | *ʃaʔpi(ʔ) | ʃaʔpiʔ | ʃaʔpitun |
90 | blanco | white | ðaða | wiɾitun | |
91 | negro | black | kəɾ | jaɾatun | |
92 | noche | night | kasisəɾ 'oscuro' ("dark") | taʃiʔ | |
93 | gusano | worm | *kuwi(ʔ) | kuweɾ 'lombriz' ("earthworm") | kuwiʔ |
94 | frío | cold | sanək | sɨwɨn | |
95 | lleno | full | muɾ | mɨntaʃa, mɨnta- 'estar lleno' ("to be full") | |
96 | nuevo | new | *na | nalu | naʃa |
97 | bueno | good | mukankan, uʔtʃimu 'bonito' ("beautiful") | nuja | |
98 | redondo | round | munkun | putʃin jaʔnuɾinsuʔ, tawiʃi | |
99 | seco | dry | ən- 'estar seco' ("to be dry") | jakɨn | |
100 | nombre | name | *ɾiɾin | ʎi(n)ʎin | ninin |
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Cahuapanan languages. [2]
gloss | Cahuapana | Chayavita | Jebero | Miquirá |
---|---|---|---|---|
one | ara | haná | aláʔatsa | |
two | katu | kató | katáta | |
three | kara | kará | kála | |
head | mutu | mostó | móto | hu-mato |
ear | buek | wuiraté | wuíoga | |
tooth | nate | naté | látek | |
fire | puín | puíng | pön | punga |
stone | napí | napí | láʔapi | napi |
sun | kéki | pií | köki | kogua |
moon | matáshi | yuxkí | rúkör | rúki |
maize | tötrla | shiʔishí | chíter | chichi |
dog | nini | niʔíni | niní | nini |
boat | nũng | ñong | ñung | nunga |
The Chibchan languages make up a language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian Area, which extends from eastern Honduras to northern Colombia and includes populations of these countries as well as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The name is derived from the name of an extinct language called Chibcha or Muysccubun, once spoken by the people who lived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of which the city of Bogotá was the southern capital at the time of the Spanish Conquista. However, genetic and linguistic data now indicate that the original heart of Chibchan languages and Chibchan-speaking peoples might not have been in Colombia, but in the area of the Costa Rica-Panama border, where the greatest variety of Chibchan languages has been identified.
The Chapacuran languages are a nearly extinct Native American language family of South America. Almost all Chapacuran languages are extinct, and the four that are extant are moribund. They are spoken in Rondônia in the southern Amazon Basin of Brazil and in northern Bolivia.
The Choco languages are a small family of Native American languages spread across Colombia and Panama.
Mochica is an extinct language formerly spoken along the northwest coast of Peru and in an inland village. First documented in 1607, the language was widely spoken in the area during the 17th century and the early 18th century. By the late 19th century, the language was dying out and spoken only by a few people in the village of Etén, in Chiclayo. It died out as a spoken language around 1920, but certain words and phrases continued to be used until the 1960s.
Barbacoan is a language family spoken in Colombia and Ecuador.
Paezan may be any of several hypothetical or obsolete language-family proposals of Colombia and Ecuador named after the Paez language.
Panoan is a family of languages spoken in Peru, western Brazil, and Bolivia. It is possibly a branch of a larger Pano–Tacanan family.
Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.
The Chicham languages, also known as Jivaroan is a small language family of northern Peru and eastern Ecuador.
Puquina is a small, putative language family, often portrayed as a language isolate, which consists of the extinct Puquina language and Kallawaya, although it is assumed that the latter is just a remnant of the former mixed with Quechuan. The Qhapaq simi, which was spoken by the Inca elite, in contrast to the Quechuan-speaking commoners, is thought to be related, as well as the Leco isolate language. They are spoken by several native ethnic groups in the region surrounding Lake Titicaca and in the north of Chile. Puquina itself is often associated with the culture that built Tiwanaku.
Páez is a language of Colombia, spoken by the Páez people. Crevels (2011) estimates 60,000 speakers out of an ethnic population of 140,000.
The Uru–Chipaya family is an indigenous language family of Bolivia.
Chayahuita is an endangered Amazonian language spoken by thousands of native Chayahuita people in the Amazon basin of north-central Peru. Spoken along the banks of the Paranapura, Cahuapanas, Sillay, and Shanusi rivers, it is also known as Chayawita, Shawi, Chawi, Tshaahui, Chayhuita, Chayabita, Shayabit, Balsapuertino, Paranapura, and Cahuapa. There is a 1–5% literacy rate, compared with 5–15% for Spanish, and a dictionary since 1978. It can not be understood by Jebero speakers although there is some overlap in vocabulary, especially some Quechua terms.
Andaqui is an extinct language from the southern highlands of Colombia. It has been linked to the Paezan or Barbacoan languages, but no connections have been demonstrated. It was spoken by the Andaqui people of Colombia.
Aikanã is an endangered language isolate spoken by about 200 Aikanã people in Rondônia, Brazil. It is morphologically complex and has SOV word order. Aikanã uses the Latin script. The people live with speakers of Koaia (Kwaza).
The Jirajaran languages are group of extinct languages once spoken in western Venezuela in the regions of Falcón and Lara. All of the Jirajaran languages appear to have become extinct in the early 20th century.
The Nambikwaran languages are a language family of half a dozen languages, all spoken in the state of Mato Grosso in Brazil. They have traditionally been considered dialects of a single language, but at least three of them are mutually unintelligible.
The Timotean languages were spoken in the Venezuelan Andes around what is now Mérida. It is assumed that they are extinct. However, Timote may survive in the so-far unattested Mutú (Loco) language, as this occupies a mountain village (Mutús) within the old Timote state.
Jebero is a moribund Amazonian language spoken by the Jebero people of Jeberos, Peru. It is spoken by only a small number of older adults and belongs to the Cahuapanan family together with Chayahuita.
Mikira is an extinct Cahuapanan language that was spoken in the single village of Maucallacta on the Paranapura River in northern Peru. It is closely related to Jebero.