Pakawan languages

Last updated
Pakawan
Geographic
distribution
Rio Grande Valley
Linguistic classification Hokan  ?
Subdivisions
Language codes
Glottolog None

The Pakawan languages were a small language family spoken in what is today northern Mexico and southern Texas. Some Pakawan languages are today sleeping. [1] While others are engage in revitalizations and thus awakening.

Contents

Classification

Five clear Pakawan languages are attested: Coahuilteco, Cotoname, Comecrudo, Garza and Mamulique. The first three were first proposed to be related by John Wesley Powell in 1891, in a grouping then called Coahuiltecan. Goddard (1979) groups the latter three in a Comecrudan family while considering the others language isolates. The current composition and the present name "Pakawan" are due to Manaster Ramer (1996).

The term Coahuiltecan languages today refers to a slightly expanded and less securely established grouping. Most Pakawan languages have at times been included also in the much larger and highly hypothetical Hokan "stock". [2]

Common vocabulary

The following word comparisons are given by Manaster Ramer (1996):

Core PakawanPeripheral Pakawantentative reconstruction [2]
Coahuilteco [3] Comecrudo [3] Cotoname [3] Karankawa [3] Tónkawa [4]
axtē
'two'
ale-kueten
'two'
haíkia
'two'
#al-, #axte
'two'
''
#ali
'ear'
uxualʼ
'heaven'
apel
'sky, heaven, clouds'
#apel'
'sky'
apam
'water'
áx̣
'water'
klai, komkom
'water'
#axə
'juice, water'
tciene
'salt'
dá-ändem, ketac#dem
'salt'
xāi
'to be extinguished,
to come to an end'
kai
'to eat'
aknámas
'to eat'
#kai
'to eat up, consume'
axām
'not'
kam
'no'
kóṃ
'not'
#kam
'no(t)'
hām
'to eat'
kam
'to eat'
hahame, xaxame
'to eat; food'
#kam
'to eat, drink'
''
#kamkam
'body of water'
xasal
'heart'
kayasel
'heart'
láhama
'heart'
#kayasel
'heart'
pe=kĕwek
'low (of water)'
xuăxe
'low (of water)'
#k(a)waka
'low (of water)'
kemen
'vein'
kemma
'bow'
#keme(n)
'sinew, vein'
pa=kna(x)
'high, big'
kenex
'good'
#kenex
'good, big'
''
ō'
'sun'
klos, dóowal
'sun'
#ketekawi
'sun, star'
talōm
'fire'
klewem, klewen, len
mánĕx
'fire'
kwátci, kwoilesem
'fire'
#klewem
'fire'
''
kĕnámkanín#knem
'breast'
kuaskialsä'x#kual
'blood'
kuan
'to go'
kio; kie
'to go'; 'to come'
awóyo!
'go over there!'
#kuV-
'to go, come'
k’āu
'husband'
gnax, na
'man'
xuaináxe
'man'
#kwainaxə
'man'
''
kuak
'reed, cane; arrow'
ka-u, kau
'reed; arrow'
#kwak
'reed'
pe=kla
'to suck'
huäxle
'to suck'
#kwa(x/k?)la
'to suck'
kʼāu
'to marry'
kuau, kwai
'married'
#k'aw
'to marry'
''
wax
'belly'
kox
'belly'
#k'wax
'belly'
tšum
'night, evening'
lesum, lesom
'evening'
#lesum
'evening'
''
#lel
'buttock, leg'
''
katówan#lot
'arm'
''
#makə
'to give'
masõ
'to give up, abandon,
desert, leave'
mel, pa=mesai
'to fall'
#maɬ-
'to fall'
māux
'hand'
mapi
'hand'
miapa
'wing'
#mapi
'hand'
pa=msol, pa=msul
'red'
msae
'red'
#msa'ol
'red'
el-pau
'to kneel down,
sink or sit down'
pawe
'to sit'
#pawə
'to sit'
pilʼ
'one'
pe-kueten
'one'
#pil'
'one'
ānua
'moon'
kan
'moon'
#q'an
'moon'
saayēx
'to be wanting'
#sayex
'to want'
sel
'straw'
suau
'grass, tobacco;
to smoke'
#sel
'grass'
pa=kahuai, -kawai
'to write, paint; paper'
thawe
'painted
(on body, face)'
#tkawai
'paint'
tʼāhaka, tʼāxakan
'what'
tete
'how, what, why'
*tit
'what'
#t'ete-
'what'
tʼil
'day'
al
'sun'
o
'sun'
#t'al
'sun'
xop
'far, distant'
huanpa, xuanpa
'far'
#xwanpa
'far'
''
yá-ĕx#ya'ex
'nose'
yēwal
'to bewitch'
yamel, yamis
'devil'
#yameɬ
'evil spirit'
na-
'my, me'
na
'I'
na
'I'
mai-
'2PS subject prefix'
emnã
'you (sg.)'
*men
'you (sg.)'
pamawau
la-ak
'goose'
krak
'goose'
kol
'crane'
karakor
'crane'
ketuau
'dog'
kowá-u
'dog'
kiextuén
'rabbit'
kiáx̣nem
'rabbit'
pa=kwessom
'orphan'
kuwosam
'small, little;
boy, girl'
malāux
'male sexual organs'
melkuai
'female sexual organs'
xūm
'to die'
kamau
'to kill'
wátxuka
'to kill'
tzin
'I'
yen
'I'
tzōtz
'chest'
yeso knem
'to nurse'
*tšei
'to hear'
ye
'to hear'
tilʼ
'posterior, anus'
alel; (al)el
'leg'; 'buttocks,
backsides, bottom'
tām
'woman's breast'
dom
'breast'
mās
'to look, observe'
max, ma, mahe
'to see'
kuāx(ai)
'to suffer'
kayau
'ache, sore'

The following sound changes and correspondences should be noted:

Lexical comparison

The Comecrudo, Cotoname, Karankawa, Coahuilteco, Solano, and Maratino data below are all from Swanton (1940). [5] The Quinigua data is from Gursky (1964), [6] which in turn is from del Hoyo (1960). [7] Naolan is from Weitlaner (1948), [8] and Tonkawa is from Hoijer (1949). [9]

languageheadhaireyeearnosetoothtonguemouthhandfootbreastmeatbloodbonepersonname
Comecrudoeláxeláx, emólu-ialíyáx̣íexpénxálmapíemí, lemíknémewé, kaikiálehûei, klemí, xíestóklekaú
Cotonamemakuátmakuátarókwanyá-ĕxayésimkĕnámkemássä'xxuaináxe
Karankawaen-okeaekia aikuiem-ikusem-ai aluaké, dolonakina-leanemi-akwoiétsmaeham, kékeyakanínahaks, tecoyu, úci, yámawe
Tonkawataˑkeyxʔaˑknemtan-xaˑhenicxayʔanyamʔacxanne̠ta̠le-kalanota-naˑtanʔawasʔoˑnne̠kame-tickanhes-tewe-(toˑ-) 'to name (him)'
Coahuiltecomāuxtāmahāuhkuās, hātzpīlamaux
Solanonikaog
Maratinomigtikui
Quiniguakai
Naolanmi yuːhu; ma yoho (my)ma naːme; manáme (of deer)
languagedogfishlousetreeleafflowerwaterfirestoneearthsaltroadeatdieIyou
Comecrudoketuaú, klámatuís, selaúak 'blackish louse'xaíselawaí, exnó, xaí, pawaíáx̣klewém, lenwoyekuélkamlásepénálto, kaikamaú, plau, pokuétna, ye-inán, yénnánã
Cotonamekowá-uáx̣mánĕxpéndá-änhahámewátĕxo
Karankawakecáṃ, kilesakwiníklai, komkomhúmhe, kwátci, kwoilesemdem, ketacaknámasnáyiáwa
Tonkawaʔekˑanneswalʔanxaˑsoy-tlcnahen-ʔaˑxmʔelʔanyatexanhaˑcmamʔe-naˑxya̠xa-hewawa-saˑ-naˑ-ya
Coahuiltecotalōmtāphāmxūm, tzamna, tzin
Solanoapamtcienenamō 'eat it'na- (?)
Maratinomigtikuipaahtcu 'kill'
Quiniguakaramaama, ami; kaanaka, kwa, wapixaamaama; ka(ene)
Naolanmi; míːmi koːl; ma koːl (my)mi, ma (poss.)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coahuilteco language</span> Extinct Pakawan language of Texas and Mexico

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotoname language</span> Extinct Pakawan language of North America

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Solano language</span> Extinct Native American language

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References

King, Kendall A., ed. (2008). Sustaining linguistic diversity: endangered and minority languages and language varieties. Georgetown University round table on languages and linguistics. Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press. ISBN   978-1-58901-192-2. OCLC   132681435.

  1. King 2008, p. 23.
  2. 1 2 Ramer, Alexis Manaster (1996). "Sapir's Classifications: Coahuiltecan". Anthropological Linguistics. 38 (1): 1–38. ISSN   0003-5483. JSTOR   30028442.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Swanton, John. 1940. Linguistic material from the tribes of southern Texas and northern Mexico.
  4. Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An analytical dictionary of the Tonkawa language. University of California publications in linguistics, 5(1). Berkeley: University of California Press.
  5. Swanton, John R. 1940. Linguistic material from the tribes of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 127). Washington: Government Printing Office.
  6. Gursky, Karl-Heinz (October 1964). "The Linguistic Position of the Quinigua Indians". International Journal of American Linguistics. 30 (4). The University of Chicago Press: 325–327. doi:10.1086/464792. JSTOR   1263527. S2CID   143736051.
  7. del Hoyo, Eugenio. 1960. Vocablos de la Lengua Quinigua de los Indios Borrados del Noreste de México. Anuario del Centro de Estudios Humanisticos, Universidad de Nuevo León 1. 489-515.
  8. Weitlaner, Roberto J.. 1948. Un Idioma Desconocido del Norte de México. In Actes du XXVIII Congrès International de Américanistes, 205-227. Paris.
  9. Hoijer, Harry. 1949. An analytical dictionary of the Tonkawa language. University of California publications in linguistics, 5(1). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Further reading