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Language Endangerment Status | |
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Extinct (EX) | |
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Safe | |
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Related topics | |
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
This is a list of extinct languages of North America , languages which have undergone language death, have no native speakers and no spoken descendant, most of them being languages of former Native American tribes.
There are 108 languages listed.
Indigenous languages
Language name | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Beothuk | unclassified language family | 1829 | ||
Laurentian | Iroquoian languages | late 16th century | ||
Pentlatch | Salishan languages | 1940 | [1] |
European language dialects
Language or dialect name | Dialect parent language | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Newfoundland Irish | Irish | Indo-European languages | 20th century |
Pidgin languages
Language name | Pidgin parent language(s) | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Algonquian–Basque pidgin | Basque, Algonquian languages | approx. 1711 |
Indigenous languages
Language name | Language family | Extinction date | Locations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Caquetio | Arawakan languages | 1862 | ABC islands (Leeward Antilles) | |
Guanahatabey | unclassified | 16th century | Cuba | |
Shebaya | Arawakan languages | 19th century | Trinidad | |
Taino | Arawakan languages | 19th century | Widespread throughout Caribbean |
Indigenous languages
Language name | Language family | Extinction date | Locations | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cacaopera | Misumalpan languages | 20th century | El Salvador | |
Chiquimulilla | Xincan languages | 1996 | Guatemala | |
Guazacapán | Xincan languages | 1997 | Guatemala | |
Jumaytepeque | Xincan languages | 1997 | Guatemala | |
Mangue/Chorotega | Oto-Manguean languages | 19th century | Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica | |
Sinacantán | Xincan languages | 20th century | Guatemala | |
Subtiaba | Oto-Manguean languages | 20th century | Nicaragua | |
Yupiltepeque | Xincan languages | 1920s | Guatemala |
European language dialects
Language name | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Greenlandic Norse | North Germanic language | late 15th or early 16th century |
Pidgin languages
Language name | Pidgin parent language(s) | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
West Greenlandic Pidgin | Greenlandic | 19th century |
Indigenous languages
Language or dialect name | Dialect parent language | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cazcan/Caxcan/Kaskán | Uto-Aztecan languages | 16th or 17th century | |||
Chiapanec | Oto-Manguean languages | 20th century | |||
Chicomuceltec | Mayan language | 1970s or 1980s | |||
Cochimí | Yuman–Cochimí | early 20th century | |||
Comecrudo language | Pakawan languages | 19th century | |||
Cuitlatec/Cuitlateco | language isolate | 1960s | |||
Classical Náhuatl | Nahuatl | Uto-Aztecan language | late 15th century | used as the lingua franca of the Aztec Empire until its collapse | |
Mamulique | Pakawan languages | 19th century | |||
Southern Pame | Pame | Oto-Manguean language | mid 20th century | ||
Pochutec | Uto-Aztecan languages | 20th century | |||
Solteco Zapotec | Oto-Manguean languages | 19th century | |||
Tapachultec | Mixe–Zoque languages | 1930s | |||
Tepecano | Uto-Aztecan language | 20th century | |||
Tubar | Uto-Aztecan language | 20th century | |||
Waikuri | unclassified language family | before 1800 |
Language or dialect name | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adai | unclassified | 19th century | ||
Ais | unclassified | 18th century | ||
Carolina Algonquian/Pamlico/Croatoan | Algic languages | 1790s | ||
Alsea/Yaquina | Language isolate | 1942 | Alsea and Yaquina are thought to be either two related languages or two dialects of the same language | |
Apalachee | Muskogean languages | 18th century - Revival Attempt | ||
Atakapa | Language isolate | 20th century | ||
Atsina/Gros Ventre | Algic languages | 2007 | Revival attempts underway | |
Atsugewi | Palaihnihan languages | 1988 | ||
Awaswas | Utian languages | formerly known as "Santa Cruz" | ||
Barbareño/Ineseño | Chumashan languages | 1965 | Revival attempts underway. Barbareño and Ineseño may be related dialects of the same language or closely related languages | |
Biloxi | Siouan languages | 1930s | ||
Cahto/Kato | Na-Dene languages | 1960s | ||
Calusa | unclassified | 19th century | ||
Catawba | Siouan languages | 1959 | ||
Cayuse | unclassified | 1930s | ||
Chalon | Utian languages | |||
Chehalis | Salishan languages | 2001 | ||
Chemakum/Chimakum/Chimacum | Chimakuan languages | 19th century | ||
Chico/Valley Maidu | Maiduan languages | |||
Chimariko | language isolate | 1950s | ||
Chitimacha/Sitimaxa | language isolate | 1940 | Revival attempts underway | |
Chiwere/Iowa-Otoe-Missouria/Báxoje-Jíwere-Ñút'achi | Siouan languages | 1996 | Revival attempts underway | |
Chochenyo | Utian languages | 1934 | Revival attempts underway | |
Coahuilteco | Pakawan languages | 18th century | ||
Cowlitz | Salishan languages | 20th century | Revival attempts underway | |
Cruzeño/Isleño/Island Chumash | Chumashan languages | 1915 | ||
Cupeño | Uto-Aztecan languages | 1987 | ||
Esselen | language isolate | 19th century | ||
Etchemin | Algic languages | 17th century | ||
Eyak | Na-Dene languages | 2008 | Revival attempts underway | |
Galice/Galice-Applegate/Upper Rogue River | Na-Dene languages | 1963 | ||
Hanis/Coos | Coosan languages | 1972 | ||
Holikachuk | Na-Dene languages | 2012 | ||
Central Kalapuya | Kalapuyan languages | 1954 | ||
Kansa | Siouan languages | 1982 | ||
Karankawa | unclassified | 1858 | ||
Karkin | Utian languages | 1950s | ||
Kathlamet | Chinookan languages | 1930s | ||
Kiksht/Upper Chinook/Columbia Chinook/Wasco-Wishram | Chinookan languages | 2012 | ||
Kitanemuk | Uto-Aztecan languages | 1940s | ||
Kitsai | Caddoan languages | 1940 | ||
Klallam/Clallam/Ns'Klallam/S'klallam | Salishan languages | 2014 | Revival attempts underway | |
Klamath/Klamath–Modoc/Lutuamian | Plateau Penutian languages | 2003 | Revival attempts underway | |
Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie | Na-Dene languages | 20th century | ||
Loup | Algic languages | 18th century | ||
Luiseño | Uto-Aztecan languages | 2010s | ||
Lushootseed | Coast Salish languages | 2008 | Revival attempts underway | |
Mandan | Siouan languages | 2016 | Revival attempts underway | |
Massachusett/Natick/Wôpanâak/Pokanoket/Nonantum/Indian | Algic languages | 19th century | Revival attempts underway | |
Mattole/Mattole-Bear River | Na-Dene languages | |||
Miami-Illinois | Algic languages | 20th century | Revival attempts underway | |
Miluk/ Lower Coquille | Coosan languages | 1939 | ||
Bay Miwok | Utian languages | |||
Coast Miwok | Utian languages | 1970 | ||
Mohican/Mahican | Algic languages | 1940s | Revival attempts underway | |
Mohegan-Pequot/Mohegan-Pequot-Montauk/Secatogue/Shinnecock-Poosepatuck | Algic languages | 1908 | Revival attempts underway | |
Molala | Plateau Penutian languages | 1958 | ||
Mutsun | Utian languages | 1930 | Revival attempts underway | |
Nanticoke | Algic languages | 1840s | ||
Narragansett | Algic languages | 18th-19th century | ||
Natchez | language isolate | 1957 | Revival attempts underway | |
Nawathinehena | Algic languages | 19th century | ||
Nicoleño | Uto-Aztecan languages | 1853 | ||
Nooksack | Salishan languages | 1988 | Revival attempts underway | |
Northern Kalapuyan | Kalapuyan languages | 1937 | ||
Nottoway/Cheroenhaka | Iroquoian languages | 1838 | Revival attempts underway | |
Obispeño | Chumashan languages | 1917 | ||
Ofo | Siouan languages | 20th century | ||
Osage | Siouan languages | 2005 | As of 2009, 15-20 2L speakers and ongoing revival | |
Piro Pueblo | Tanoan languages | 1900 | ||
Plains Apache | Na-Dene languages | 2008 | ||
Central Pomo | Pomoan languages | 20th century | ||
Eastern Pomo/Clear Lake Pomo | Pomoan languages | |||
Northeastern Pomo | Pomoan languages | 1961 | ||
Powhatan/Virginia Algonquian | Algic languages | 18th century | ||
Purisimeño | Chumashan languages | |||
Quileute | Chimakuan languages | 1999 | ||
Quiripi/Mattabesic/Quiripi-Unquachog/Quiripi-Naugatuck/Wampano | Algic languages | 20th century | ||
Ramaytush | Utian languages | 1915 | ||
Rumsen/Rumsien/San Carlos Costanoan/Carmeleno | Utian languages | 1939 | ||
Salinan | 1958 | |||
Serrano | 2002 | Revival attempts underway | ||
Shasta | 20th century | |||
Siuslaw | language isolate | 1960 | ||
Susquehannock/Conestoga | Iroquoian languages | 18th century | ||
Takelma | 1934 | |||
Tamien | Utian languages | |||
Tataviam | Uto-Aztecan languages | 1916 | ||
Tillamook | Salishan languages | 1972 | ||
Timucua | language isolate | 18th century | ||
Tongva/Gabrielino/Gabrieleño | Uto-Aztecan languages | 20th century | Revival attempts underway | |
Tonkawa | language isolate | 1940s | ||
Tübatulabal | Uto-Aztecan languages | 2008 | Revival attempts underway [2] | |
Tunica/Luhchi Yoroni/Tonica/Yuron | language isolate | 1948 | Revival attempts underway | |
Tuscarora | Iroquoian languages | 2020 | ||
Tutelo/Tutelo–Saponi | Siouan languages | 1982 | ||
Tututni/(Lower) Rogue River/Upper Coquille/Nuu-wee-ya | Na-Dene languages | 1983 | Revival attempts underway | |
Twana/Skokomish | Salishan languages | 1980 | ||
Upper Umpqua | Na-Dene languages | 1950s | ||
Unami | Algonquian languages | 2002 | ||
Vanyume | Uto-Aztecan languages | |||
Ventureño | Chumashan languages | 20th century | ||
Wailaki/Eel River Athabaskan | Na-Dene languages | 1960s | ||
Wappo | Yuki–Wappo languages | 1990 | ||
Wichita | Caddoan languages | 2016 | ||
Wintu | Wintuan languages | Revival attempts underway | ||
Wiyot/Wishosk/Soulatluk | Algic languages | 1962 | ||
Yana/Yanan | language isolate | 1916 | ||
Yoncalla/Southern Kalapuya/Yonkalla | Kalapuyan languages | 1930s | ||
Yurok/Chillula/Mita/Pekwan/Rikwa/Sugon/Weitspek/Weitspekan | Algic languages | 2013 |
Language name | Language family | Extinction date | References |
---|---|---|---|
Jersey Dutch | Indo-European languages | 20th century |
Language name | Creole parent language(s) | Extinction date | References |
---|---|---|---|
Mohawk Dutch | Dutch creole and Mohawk language |
Language name | Pidgin parent language(s) | Extinction date | References |
---|---|---|---|
Broken Oghibbeway | Ottawa Ojibwe language and Fox language | ||
Pidgin Delaware | Delaware language | 19th century | |
Mobilian Jargon | Muskogean language | 1950s |
Language name | Extinction date | References |
---|---|---|
Henniker Sign Language | 20th century | |
Martha's Vineyard Sign Language | 1952 | |
Plateau Sign Language | 18th century | |
Sandy River Valley Sign Language | 19th century |
Creole languages
Language name | Creole parent language(s) | Extinction date | References |
---|---|---|---|
Negerhollands | Dutch creole, Danish, English, French, Spanish, and African languages | 1987 |
Indigenous languages
Language or dialect name | Dialect parent language | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern Abnaki dialect | Abnaki language | Algonquian language | 1993 | [3] | |
Wyandot | Iroquoian language | 1972 | Revival attempts underway by the Wyandotte Nation (United States) and Huron-Wendat Nation (Canada) | [4] | |
Tsetsaut | Na-Dene language |
Indigenous languages
Language or dialect name | Language family | Extinction date | Notes | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cotoname | Pakawan languages | 20th century | ||
Garza | Pakawan languages | 19th century | ||
Ópata | Uto-Aztecan language | 20th century | Revival attempts underway among Opata people |
A pidgin, or pidgin language, is a grammatically simplified means of communication that develops between two or more groups of people that do not have a language in common: typically, its vocabulary and grammar are limited and often drawn from several languages. It is most commonly employed in situations such as trade, or where both groups speak languages different from the language of the country in which they reside. Linguists do not typically consider pidgins as full or complete languages.
A creole language, or simply creole, is a stable natural language that develops from the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form, and then that form expanding and elaborating into a full-fledged language with native speakers, all within a fairly brief period of time. While the concept is similar to that of a mixed or hybrid language, creoles are often characterized by a tendency to systematize their inherited grammar. Like any language, creoles are characterized by a consistent system of grammar, possess large stable vocabularies, and are acquired by children as their native language. These three features distinguish a creole language from a pidgin. Creolistics, or creology, is the study of creole languages and, as such, is a subfield of linguistics. Someone who engages in this study is called a creolist.
The United States does not have an official language at the federal level, but the most commonly used language is English, which is the de facto national language. In addition, 32 U.S. states out of 50 and all five U.S. territories have declared English as an official language. It is also the language spoken at home by the great majority of the U.S. population. Many other languages are also spoken at home, especially Spanish, according to the American Community Survey (ACS) of the U.S. Census Bureau; others include indigenous languages originally spoken by Native Americans, Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians, and native populations in the U.S. unincorporated territories. Other languages were brought in by people from Europe, Africa, Asia, other parts of the Americas, and Oceania, including multiple dialects, creole languages, pidgin languages, and sign languages originating in what is now the United States. Interlingua, an international auxiliary language, was also created in the U.S.
A lingua franca, also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
The Indigenous languages of the Americas are the languages that were used by the Indigenous peoples of the Americas before the arrival of non-Indigenous peoples. Over a thousand of these languages are still used today, while many more are now extinct. The Indigenous languages of the Americas are not all related to each other, instead they are classified into a hundred or so language families, as well as a number of extinct languages that are unclassified due to the lack of information on them.
An extinct language is a language that no longer has any first-language or second-language speakers, especially if the language also has no living descendants. In contrast, a dead language is a language that no longer has any first-language speakers, but does have second-language speakers, such as Latin. A dormant language is a dead language that still serves as a symbol of ethnic identity to an ethnic group; these languages are often undergoing a process of revitalisation. Languages that have first-language speakers are known as modern or living languages to contrast them with dead languages, especially in educational contexts.
A Spanish creole, or Spanish-based creole language, is a creole language for which Spanish serves as its substantial lexifier.
Portuguese creoles are creole languages which have Portuguese as their substantial lexifier. The most widely-spoken creoles influenced by Portuguese are Cape Verdean Creole, Guinea-Bissau Creole and Papiamento.
The Massachusett language is an Algonquian language of the Algic language family that was formerly spoken by several peoples of eastern coastal and southeastern Massachusetts. In its revived form, it is spoken in four communities of Wampanoag people. The language is also known as Natick or Wôpanâak (Wampanoag), and historically as Pokanoket, Indian or Nonantum.
This is a list of different language classification proposals developed for the Indigenous languages of the Americas. The article is divided into North, Central, and South America sections; however, the classifications do not correspond to these divisions.
Australian Kriol is an English-based creole language that developed from a pidgin used initially in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia, in the early days of European colonisation. Later, it was spoken by groups further west and north. The pidgin died out in most parts of the country, except in the Northern Territory, where the contact between European settlers, the Chinese and other Asians, and the Aboriginal Australians in the northern regions has maintained a vibrant use of the language, which is spoken by about 30,000 people. Despite its similarities to English in vocabulary, it has a distinct syntactic structure and grammar. It is a language in its own right and is distinct from Torres Strait Creole.
There are over 525 native languages spoken in Nigeria. The official language and most widely spoken lingua franca is English, which was the language of Colonial Nigeria. Nigerian Pidgin – an English-based creole – is spoken by 30 million people in Nigeria.
World Englishes is a term for emerging localised or indigenised varieties of English, especially varieties that have developed in territories influenced by the United Kingdom or the United States. The study of World Englishes consists of identifying varieties of English used in diverse sociolinguistic contexts globally and analyzing how sociolinguistic histories, multicultural backgrounds and contexts of function influence the use of English in different regions of the world.
Spanish is the language that is predominantly understood and spoken as a first or second language by nearly all of the population of Argentina. According to the latest estimations, the population is currently greater than 45 million.
This page is a list of lists of languages.
The official language of Nicaragua is Spanish; however, Nicaraguans on the Caribbean coast speak indigenous languages and also English. The communities located on the Caribbean coast also have access to education in their native languages. Additionally, Nicaragua has four extinct indigenous languages.
The languages of the Caribbean reflect the region's diverse history and culture. There are six official languages spoken in the Caribbean:
Ngarluma and Kariyarra are members of a dialect continuum, which is a part of the Ngayarda language group of Western Australia, in the Pama–Nyungan language family. Some sources suggest that an extinct dialect, Jaburara, was a third member of the continuum. However, it is clear that Jaburara had a distinct identity that has been partly obscured by a collapse in the numbers of Jaburara speakers during the late 19th century, and there is some evidence that Jaburara may have instead been a dialect of Martuthunira.