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Click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the tut-tut or tsk! tsk! used to express disapproval or pity, the tchick! used to spur on a horse, and the clip-clop! sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting. However, these paralinguistic sounds in English are not full click consonants, as they only involve the front of the tongue, without the release of the back of the tongue that is required for clicks to combine with vowels and form syllables.
Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth.
A labialized velar or labiovelar is a velar consonant that is labialized, with a -like secondary articulation. Examples are, which are pronounced like a, with rounded lips, such as the labialized voiceless velar plosive and labialized voiced velar plosive, obstruents being common among the sounds that undergo labialization.
Labial–velar consonants are doubly articulated at the velum and the lips, such as. They are sometimes called "labiovelar consonants", a term that can also refer to labialized velars, such as the stop consonant and the approximant.
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The Zapotec languages are a group of around 50 closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and are spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico. A 2020 census reports nearly half a million speakers, with the majority inhabiting the state of Oaxaca. Zapotec-speaking communities are also found in the neighboring states of Puebla, Veracruz, and Guerrero. Labor migration has also brought a number of native Zapotec speakers to the United States, particularly in California and New Jersey. Most Zapotec-speaking communities are highly bilingual in Spanish.
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Zacatepec Chatino is an indigenous Mesoamerican language, a dialect of Eastern Chatino of the Oto-Manguean language family. It is often referred to as Chaqꟳ tinyaᴶ Kichenᴬ tziꟲ, Chatino de San Marcos Zacatepec, or Chatino de Zacatepec as it is distinct from other Eastern Chatino dialects in the region. Zacatepec Chatino is spoken in the town of San Marcos Zacatepec, a town of approximately 1,000 people and inhabited by the Chatino people. The language was once spoken in the village of Juquila, but is now virtually extinct there with only two surviving speakers in the area.
Zenzontepec Chatino, also known as Northern Chatino, or "Chatino Occidental Alto" is an indigenous Mesoamerican language, one of the Chatino family of the Oto-Manguean languages. It is not intelligible with other Chatino languages. It is spoken by one of the most isolated groups in Oaxaca, the Chatino people in the municipalities of Santa Cruz Zenzontepec and San Jacinto Tlacotepec, and in the former municipality of Santa María Tlapanalquiahuitl.
Texmelucan Zapotec is an Oto-Manguean language of the San Lorenzo Texmelucan Municipality in western Oaxaca, Mexico. It is a divergent Zapotec language, having only 10% intelligibility with its closest relative, Zaniza Zapotec. Both go by the name Papabuco.
References
- ↑ Smith Stark, Thomas C. (2007). Algunas isoglosas zapotecas. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México and Instituo de Investigaciones Antropológicas and Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas. pp. 69–131. ISBN 978-970-32-3248-2.
- ↑ Mechling, William H. (1912). "The Indian Linguistic Stocks of Oaxaca, Mexico". American Anthropologist. 14 (4): 643–682. doi: 10.1525/aa.1912.14.4.02a00080 . ISSN 0002-7294.
- ↑ Suárez, Jorge A. (1972). "La clasificación del papabuco y del solteco". Anuario de Letras. 10: 219–232.
- ↑ Sicoli, Mark A. (2015). Agency and verb valence in Lachixío Zapotec. John Benjamins Publishing Company. pp. 193–194. ISBN 9789027267788.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ↑ Smith Stark, Thomas C. 1999. El solteco y el zapoteco occidental: Un aprecio a partir de los vocabularios de Peñafiel. Ms. https://ailla.utexas.org/islandora/object/ailla:243828
- 1 2 Sullivant, J. Ryan (2016). "Reintroducing Teojomulco Chatino". International Journal of American Linguistics. 82 (4): 393–423. doi:10.1086/688318. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 151822311.