Lake Miwok | |
---|---|
Native to | United States |
Region | Lake County, California |
Ethnicity | Lake Miwok |
Extinct | 1990s [1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | lmw |
Glottolog | lake1258 |
ELP | Lake Miwok |
Lake Miwok is classified as Critically Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger | |
The Lake Miwok language is an extinct language of Northern California, traditionally spoken in an area adjacent to the Clear Lake. It is one of the languages of the Clear Lake Linguistic Area, along with Patwin, East and Southeastern Pomo, and Wappo. [2]
Short | Long | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Front | Back | Front | Back | |
High (close) | i | u | iː | uː |
Mid | e | o | eː | oː |
Low (open) | a | aː |
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Plosive | plain | p | ⟨t⟩ t̻ | ⟨ṭ⟩ t̠̺ | k | ʔ | ||
aspirated | pʰ | ⟨tʰ⟩ t̻ʰ | ⟨ṭʰ⟩ t̠̺ʰ | kʰ | ||||
ejective | pʼ | ⟨tʼ⟩ t̻ʼ | ⟨ṭʼ⟩ t̠̺ʼ | kʼ | ||||
voiced | b | ⟨d⟩ d̺ | ||||||
Fricative | voiceless | s | ⟨ṣ⟩ ʃ | ⟨ł⟩ ɬ | h | |||
ejective | ⟨ƛʼ⟩ t͡ɬʼ | |||||||
Affricate | voiceless | ⟨c⟩ t͡s | ⟨č⟩ t͡ʃ | |||||
ejective | ⟨cʼ⟩ t͡sʼ | ⟨čʼ⟩ t͡ʃʼ | ||||||
Nasal | m | n | ||||||
Approximant | w | l ( r ) | j |
The consonant inventory of Lake Miwok differs substantially from the inventories found in the other Miwok languages. Where the other languages only have one series of plosives, Lake Miwok has four: plain, aspirated, ejective and voiced. Lake Miwok has also added the affricates č, c, čʼ, cʼ, ƛʼ and the liquids r and ł. These sounds appear to have been borrowed through loanwords from other, unrelated languages in the Clear Lake area, after which they spread to some native Lake Miwok words. [2] [3]
The word order of Lake Miwok is relatively free, but SOV (subject–object–verb) is the most common order. [4]
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | ka | ʔic | ma, ʔim | |
2nd person | ʔin | moc | mon | |
3rd person | non-reflexive | ʔi | koc | kon |
reflexive | hana | hanakoc | hanakon | |
indefinite | ʔan |
In her Lake Miwok grammar, Callaghan reports that one speaker distinguishes between 1st person dual inclusive ʔoc and exclusive ʔic. Another speaker also remembers that this distinction used to be made by older speakers. [5]
Nouns can be inflected for ten different cases:
kukú
flea
-n
-subjective
ʔin
2sg
tíkki
forehead
-t
-allative
mékuh
sit
"A flea is sitting on your forehead."
ʔóle
coyote
-n
-possessive
ṣúluk
skin
"coyote skin"
táj
man
-Ø
-possessive
ṣáapa
hair
"the man's hair"
káac
fish
-u
-objective
-n
-2SG
ʔúṭe?
see
"Did you see the fish?"
kawáj
horse
-Ø
-objective
ka
1SG
ʔúṭe
see
"I saw the horse"
káac
fish
-uc
-objective
jolúm
eat
-mi
-imperative
"Eat the fish"
Lake Miwok uses pronominal clitics to indicate the possessor of a noun. Except for the 3d person singular, they have the same shape as the nominative pronominal clitics, but show no allomorphy.
Singular | Dual | Plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | ka | ʔic | ma | |
2nd person | ʔin | moc | mon | |
3rd person | non-reflexive | ʔiṭi | koc | kon |
reflexive | hana | hanakoc | hanakon | |
indefinite | ʔan |
The reflexive hana forms have the same referent as the subject of the same clause, whereas the non-reflexive forms have a different referent, e.g.:
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