Yawelmani Yokuts

Last updated
Yawelmani
Yowlumne
Yawʼlamnin ṭeexil
Yawelmani-tomorrow.svg
Yawelmani sentence documented by A. L. Kroeber
Pronunciation[jawˀlamninʈɛːxil]
Native to California
Region Kern River
Native speakers
20–25 (2007, fluent and semispeakers) [1]
Yok-Utian  ?
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog None
Yawelmani map.svg
Historical distribution of Yawelmani
Closeup map of historical Yawelmani distribution Yawelmani map closeup.svg
Closeup map of historical Yawelmani distribution

Yawelmani Yokuts (also spelled Yowlumne and Yauelmani) is an endangered dialect of Southern Valley Yokuts historically spoken by the Yokuts living along the Kern River north of Kern Lake in the Central Valley of California. [2] Today, most Yawelmani speakers live on or near the Tule River Reservation. [3]

Contents

Name

Academic sources frequently use the name Yawelmani while referring to the language, though tribe members more often use the name Yowlumne. [3]

When referencing their language, modern speakers of Yawelmani use the terms inyana (Indian), and yaw'lamnin ṭeexil (speech of the Yowlumne). [3]

Speakers

A 2011 estimate by Victor Golla placed the number of fluent and semi-fluent Yawelmani speakers at "up to twenty-five" [4]

Revitalization efforts

In 1993, the Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program piloted a series of language programs that included Yawelmani. The program was reportedly effective in teaching conversational Yawelmani to tribal members without prior knowledge and increasing language use among elders. [5]

Phonology

Consonants

  Bilabial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Stop plainp /p/t /t//ʈ/k /k/ʼ /ʔ/
aspirated ph //th //ṭh /ʈʰ/kh //
ejective ////ṭʼ /ʈʼ///
Affricate plainc /t͡s/č /t͡ʃ/
aspirated ch /t͡sʰ/čh /t͡ʃʰ/
ejective /t͡sʼ/čʼ /t͡ʃʼ/
Fricative s /s//ʂ/x /x/h /h/
Nasal plainm /m/n /n/ 
glottalized ////
Approximant plainw /w/l /l/y /j/
glottalized //////

Vowels

Yawelmani has 10 vowel phonemes:

Unrounded Rounded
short long shortlong
High i u
Mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a

As can be seen, Yawelmani vowels have a number of different realizations (phones) which are summarized below:

Front Back
short long short long
High i u
Near-high ɪ ʊ
Mid ɛ ɛː ɔ ɔː
Low a

Syllable & phonotactics

The Yawelmani syllables can be either a consonant-vowel sequence (CV), such as deeyi- 'lead', or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence (CVC), such as xata- 'eat'.[ clarification needed ] Thus the generalized syllable is the following:

CV(C)

Word roots are bisyllabic and have either one of two shapes:

Phonological processes

Vowel shortening

When long vowels are in closed syllables, they are shortened:

/p’a.xaː.t’it/[p’axaːt’it]p̓axaat̕it'mourn (passive aorist)'(/aː/ remains long)
/p’a.xaːt’.hin/[p’axat’hin]p̓axat̕hin'mourn (aorist)'(/aː/ is shortened)
/ts’u.juː.hun/[ts’ujɔːhun]c̓uyoohun'urinate (aorist)'(/uː/ remains long)
/ts’u.juːt/[ts’ujɔt]c̓uyot'urinate (passive aorist)'(/uː/ is shortened)

Vowel harmony

Yawelmani has suffixes that contain either an underspecified high vowel /I/ or an underspecified non-high vowel /A/.

  • Underspecified /I/ will appear as /u/ following the high rounded vowel /u/ and as /i/ following all other vowels /i,a,ɔ/:
/-hIn/-hun/-hin(aorist suffix)
/muʈhIn/[muʈhun]muṭhun'swear (aorist)'
/ɡij’hIn/[ɡij’hin]giy̓hin'touch (aorist)'
/ɡɔphIn/[ɡɔphin]gophin'take care of infant (aorist)'
/xathIn/[xathin]xathin'eat (aorist)'
  • Underspecified /A/ will appear as /ɔ/ following the non-high rounded vowel /ɔ/ and as /a/ following all other vowels /i,u,a/:
/-tAw/-tow/-taw(nondirective gerundial suffix)
/ɡɔptAw/[ɡɔptɔw]goptow'take care of infant (nondir. ger.)'
/ɡij’tAw/[ɡij’taw]giy̓taw'touch (nondir. ger.)'
/muʈtAw/[muʈtaw]muṭtaw'swear (nondir. ger.)'
/xattAw/[xatːaw]xattaw'eat (nondir. ger.)'

Vowel epenthesis

Yawelmani adds vowels to stems, when suffixes with an initial consonant are affixed to word with two final consonants in order to avoid a triple-consonant-cluster.

Grammar

Case system

Yawelmani is a primary object language. [3]

A. L. Kroeber documented the language's case system in his 1907 paper The Yokuts Language of South Central California. [7]

Case suffixes (per Kroeber)
Objective Noun-a (-i)
Demonstrative -ñ, -in
(plural), Pronoun-wa
Possessive -in
Instrumental -ñ, -ñi
Locative -u
Ablative -nit

Selected vocabulary

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References

  1. Yokuts at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  2. Whistler, Kenneth W.; Golla, Victor (1986). "Proto-Yokuts Reconsidered". International Journal of American Linguistics. 52 (4): 317–358. doi:10.1086/466028. ISSN   0020-7071. JSTOR   1265536. S2CID   144822697.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Weigel, William (2005). "Yowlumne in the Twentieth Century".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. Golla, Victor (2011-08-02). California Indian Languages. University of California Press. ISBN   9780520266674.
  5. "Survival of Endangered Languages: The California Master-Apprentice Program". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (123): 177–191. 2009. doi:10.1515/ijsl.1997.123.177. ISSN   1613-3668.
  6. Newman, Stanley S. (1946). The Yawelmani Dialect of Yokuts. In Harry Hoijer (ed.), Linguistic Structures of Native America: New York: Viking Fund. pp. 222–248.
  7. Kroeber, A. L. (1907). "The Yokuts Language of South Central California" (PDF). University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnography: 281.