Yawelmani | |
---|---|
Yowlumne | |
Yawʼlamnin ṭeexil | |
![]() Yawelmani sentence documented by A. L. Kroeber | |
Pronunciation | [jawˀlamninʈɛːxil] |
Native to | California |
Region | Kern River |
Native speakers | 20–25 (2007, fluent and semispeakers) [1] |
Yok-Utian ?
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | None |
![]() Historical distribution of Yawelmani |
Yawelmani Yokuts (also spelled Yowlumne and Yauelmani) is an endangered dialect of Southern Valley Yokuts historically spoken by the Yokuts living along the Kern River north of Kern Lake in the Central Valley of California. [2] Today, most Yawelmani speakers live on or near the Tule River Reservation. [3]
Academic sources frequently use the name Yawelmani while referring to the language, though tribe members more often use the name Yowlumne. [3]
When referencing their language, modern speakers of Yawelmani use the terms inyana (Indian), and yaw'lamnin ṭeexil (speech of the Yowlumne). [3]
A 2011 estimate by Victor Golla placed the number of fluent and semi-fluent Yawelmani speakers at "up to twenty-five" [4]
In 1993, the Master-Apprentice Language Learning Program piloted a series of language programs that included Yawelmani. The program was reportedly effective in teaching conversational Yawelmani to tribal members without prior knowledge and increasing language use among elders. [5]
Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | plain | p /p/ | t /t/ | ṭ /ʈ/ | k /k/ | ʼ /ʔ/ | |
aspirated | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | |||
ejective | pʼ/pʼ/ | tʼ/tʼ/ | ṭʼ /ʈʼ/ | kʼ /kʼ/ | |||
Affricate | plain | c /t͡s/ | č /t͡ʃ/ | ||||
aspirated | ch /t͡sʰ/ | čh /t͡ʃʰ/ | |||||
ejective | cʼ /t͡sʼ/ | čʼ /t͡ʃʼ/ | |||||
Fricative | s /s/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | x /x/ | h /h/ | |||
Nasal | plain | m /m/ | n /n/ | ||||
glottalized | mʼ /mˀ/ | nʼ /nˀ/ | |||||
Approximant | plain | w /w/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | |||
glottalized | wʼ /wˀ/ | lʼ /lˀ/ | yʼ /jˀ/ |
Yawelmani has 10 vowel phonemes:
Unrounded | Rounded | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | |
High | i | iː | u | uː |
Mid | ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː |
Low | a | aː |
As can be seen, Yawelmani vowels have a number of different realizations (phones) which are summarized below:
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | |
High | i | u | ||
Near-high | ɪ | ʊ | ||
Mid | ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː |
Low | a | aː |
The Yawelmani syllables can be either a consonant-vowel sequence (CV), such as deeyi- 'lead', or a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence (CVC), such as xata- 'eat'.[ clarification needed ] Thus the generalized syllable is the following:
Word roots are bisyllabic and have either one of two shapes:
When long vowels are in closed syllables, they are shortened:
Yawelmani has suffixes that contain either an underspecified high vowel /I/ or an underspecified non-high vowel /A/.
/-hIn/ | -hun/-hin | (aorist suffix) | ||
/muʈhIn/ | → | [muʈhun] | muṭhun | 'swear (aorist)' |
/ɡij’hIn/ | → | [ɡij’hin] | giy̓hin | 'touch (aorist)' |
/ɡɔphIn/ | → | [ɡɔphin] | gophin | 'take care of infant (aorist)' |
/xathIn/ | → | [xathin] | xathin | 'eat (aorist)' |
/-tAw/ | -tow/-taw | (nondirective gerundial suffix) | ||
/ɡɔptAw/ | → | [ɡɔptɔw] | goptow | 'take care of infant (nondir. ger.)' |
/ɡij’tAw/ | → | [ɡij’taw] | giy̓taw | 'touch (nondir. ger.)' |
/muʈtAw/ | → | [muʈtaw] | muṭtaw | 'swear (nondir. ger.)' |
/xattAw/ | → | [xatːaw] | xattaw | 'eat (nondir. ger.)' |
Yawelmani adds vowels to stems, when suffixes with an initial consonant are affixed to word with two final consonants in order to avoid a triple-consonant-cluster.
Yawelmani is a primary object language. [3]
A. L. Kroeber documented the language's case system in his 1907 paper The Yokuts Language of South Central California. [7]
Objective | Noun | -a (-i) |
Demonstrative | -ñ, -in | |
(plural), Pronoun | -wa | |
Possessive | -in | |
Instrumental | -ñ, -ñi | |
Locative | -u | |
Ablative | -nit |
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