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In linguistics, declension is the changing of the form of a word, generally to express its syntactic function in the sentence, by way of some inflection. Declensions may apply to nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs, and determiners to indicate number, case, gender, and a number of other grammatical categories. Meanwhile, the inflectional change of verbs is called conjugation.
A grammatical case is a category of nouns and noun modifiers that corresponds to one or more potential grammatical functions for a nominal group in a wording. In various languages, nominal groups consisting of a noun and its modifiers belong to one of a few such categories. For instance, in English, one says I see them and they see me: the nominative pronouns I/they represent the perceiver and the accusative pronouns me/them represent the phenomenon perceived. Here, nominative and accusative are cases, that is, categories of pronouns corresponding to the functions they have in representation.
Latin declension is the set of patterns according to which Latin words are declined—that is, have their endings altered to show grammatical case, number and gender. Nouns, pronouns, and adjectives are declined, and a given pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.
In grammar, the nominative case, subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments. Generally, the noun "that is doing something" is in the nominative, and the nominative is often the form listed in dictionaries.
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The personal pronouns and possessives in Modern Standard Hindi of the Hindustani language display a higher degree of inflection than other parts of speech. Personal pronouns have distinct forms according to whether they stand for a subject (nominative), a direct object (accusative), an indirect object (dative), or a reflexive object. Pronouns further have special forms used with postpositions.
Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases and five pronoun cases. The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā also decline according to number, gender, and case.
References
- ↑ "oblique" in David Crystal, 2008. A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 6th ed.
- ↑ "Objective case (grammar)". (about) education. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ↑ "Personal pronoun". Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
- ↑ Spencer, Andrew. "CASE IN HINDI" – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ De Hoop, Helen; Narasimhan, Bhuvana (2009). "Ergative Case-marking in Hindi". Differential Subject Marking. Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. Vol. 72. pp. 63–78. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-6497-5_4. ISBN 978-1-4020-6498-2 – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ "case marking in hindi - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
- ↑ Durrani, Nadir. "System for Grammatical relations in Urdu" (PDF). alt.qcri.org.
- ↑ "M. Butt: Structure of Urdu 1 the Structure of Urdu — Case". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.708.2327 .
- ↑ "Hindi Noun Cases". hindilanguage.info. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
- ↑ Huddleston, Rodney; Pullum, Geoffrey K. (2002). The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 459. ISBN 0-521-43146-8.