List of grammatical cases

"List of cases" redirects here. For legal cases, see Lists of case law.

This is a list of grammatical cases as they are used by various inflectional languages that have declension.

This list will mark the case, when it is used, an example of it, and then finally what language(s) the case is used in.

Location and movement

Note: Most cases used for location and motion can be used for time as well.

Location

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Adessive case	close	near/at/by the house	Estonian | Finnish [1] | Hungarian | Lezgian | Lithuanian | Livonian | Tlingit | Tsez | Kven
Antessive case	anterior	before the house	Dravidian languages [2]
Apudessive case [3]	adjacent	next to the house	Tsez
Inessive case	inside	inside the house	Basque | Erzya | Estonian | Lithuanian | Finnish [4] | Hungarian | Ossetic | Tsez | Kven
Intrative case	between	between the houses	Limbu | Quechua
Locative case	location	at/on/in the house	Armenian (Eastern) | Azeri | Bengali | Belarusian | Bosnian | Chuvash | Croatian | Czech | Gujarati | Hungarian | Inari Sámi | Inuktitut | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Latin (restricted) | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu | Northern Sámi | Polish | Quechua | Russian | Sanskrit | Serbian | Skolt Sámi | Slovak | Slovene | Sorbian | Tamil | Telugu | Tlingit | Turkish | Ukrainian | Uzbek (Note: the case in Slavic languages termed the "locative case" in English is actually a prepositional case.)
Pergressive case	vicinity	in the vicinity of the house	Kamu
Pertingent case	contacting	touching the house	Tlingit | Archi
Postessive case	posterior	after the house	Lezgian | Agul
Subessive case	under	under/below the house	Tsez
Superessive case	on the surface	on (top of) the house	Hungarian | Ossetic | Tsez | Finnish [6]

Motion from

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative case	near or inside	away from the house	Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri | Chuvash | Erzya | Estonian | Evenki | Finnish [1] | Hungarian | Inuktitut | Japanese [5] | Latin | Manchu | Ossetic | Quechua | Tamil [7] | Sanskrit | Tibetan | Tlingit | Tsez | Turkish | Uzbek | Yukaghir
Adelative case	the vicinity	from near the house	Lezgian
Delative case	the surface	from (the top of) the house	Hungarian | Finnish [6]
Egressive case	marking the beginning of a movement or time	beginning from the house	Udmurt
Elative case	the interior	out of the house	Erzya | Estonian | Evenki | Finnish [4] | Hungarian | Kven
Initiative case	starting point of an action	beginning from the house	Manchu
Postelative case	movement from behind	from behind the house	Lezgian

Motion to

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Allative case	in Hungarian and in Finnish: the adjacency in Estonian and in Finnish: the surface	to the house onto the house	Erzya | Estonian | Finnish [1] | Hungarian | Inuktitut | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Lithuanian | Manchu | Tamil [7] | Tlingit | Tsez | Turkish | Tuvan | Uzbek | Kven
Illative case	inside	into the house	Erzya | Estonian | Finnish [4] | Hungarian | Inari Sámi | Lithuanian | Northern Sámi | Skolt Sámi | Tamil [7] | Tsez | Kven
Lative case	near or inside	to/into the house	Erzya | Finnish [6] | Quechua | Tsez | Turkish
Sublative case	the surface or below	on(to) the house/under the house	Hungarian | Tsez | Finnish [6]
Superlative case	the top	on(to) the house/on top of the house	Northeast Caucasian languages: Bezhta | Hinuq | Tsez
Terminative case	marking the end of a movement or time	as far as the house	Chuvash | Estonian | Hungarian | Japanese [5] | Manchu | Quechua

Motion via

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Perlative case	movement through or along	through/along the house	Evenki | Tocharian A & B | Warlpiri | Yankunytjatjara
Prolative case (= prosecutive case, vialis case)	movement using a surface or way	by way of/through the house	Erzya | Estonian (rare) | Finnish (rare) [6] | Tlingit | Greenlandic | Inuktitut

Time

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative case	specifying a time when and within	E.g.: eō tempore, "at that time"; paucīs hōrīs, "within a few hours".	Latin | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Finnish | Turkish | Kven
Accusative case	indicating duration of time known as the accusative of duration of time	E.g.: multos annos, "for many years"; ducentos annos, "for 200 years".	Latin | German | Esperanto | Serbian | Croatian | Russian | Turkish
Essive case	used for specifying days and dates	E.g.: maanantaina, "on Monday"; kuudentena joulukuuta, "on the 6th of December".	Finnish | Estonian | Kven
Limitative case	specifying a deadline	E.g.: 午後5時半までに (Gogo go-ji han made-ni) "by 5:30 PM"	Japanese [5]
Temporal case	specifying a time	E.g.: hétkor "at seven" or hét órakor "at seven o'clock"; éjfélkor "at midnight"; karácsonykor "at Christmas".	Hungarian | Finnish (rare) [6]

Chart for review for the basic cases

	interior	surface	adjacency	state
from	Elative	Delative	Ablative	Exessive
at/in	Inessive	Superessive	Adessive	Essive
(in)to	Illative	Sublative	Allative	Translative
via	Perlative	Prolative

Morphosyntactic alignment

For meanings of the terms agent, patient, experiencer, and instrument, see thematic relation .

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Absolutive case (1)	patient, experiencer; subject of an intransitive verb and direct object of a transitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque | Tibetan
Absolutive case (2)	patient, involuntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; he slipped	active-stative languages
Absolutive case (3)	patient; experiencer; instrument	he pushed the door with his hand and it opened	Inuktitut
Accusative case (1)	patient	he pushed the door and it opened	Akkadian | Albanian | Arabic | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Erzya | Esperanto | Faroese | Finnish | German | Greek | Hungarian | Icelandic | Inari Sámi | Japanese [5] | Latin | Latvian | Lithuanian | Northern Sámi | Polish | Romanian | Russian | Sanskrit | Serbian | Skolt Sámi | Slovak | Slovene | Ukrainian | Georgian | Yiddish
Accusative case (2)	direct object of a transitive verb; made from; about; for a time	I see her	Inuktitut | Persian | Turkish | Serbo-Croatian
Agentive case	agent, specifies or asks about who or what; specific agent that is subset of a general topic or subject	it was she who committed the crime; as for him, his head hurts	Japanese, [5] Mongsen Ao [8]
Direct case	direct subject or object of a transitive or intransitive verb	I saw her; I gave her the book.	Scottish Gaelic [9] | many languages with Austronesian Alignment.
Ergative case	agent; subject of a transitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	Basque | Chechen | Dyirbal | Georgian | Kashmiri | Samoan | Tibetan | Tlingit | Tsez
Ergative-genitive case	agent, possession	he pushed the door and it opened; her dog	Classic Maya | Inuktitut
Instructive	means, answers question how?	by means of the house	Estonian (rare) | Finnish [10]
Instrumental	instrument, answers question using what?	with the house	Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Belarusian | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Evenki | Georgian | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu | Polish | Russian | Sanskrit | Serbian | Slovak | Slovene | Tsez | Ukrainian | Yukaghir
Instrumental-comitative case	instrument, in company	with the house	Chuvash | Hungarian | Tlingit
Nominative case (1)	agent, experiencer; subject of a transitive or intransitive verb	he pushed the door and it opened	nominative–accusative languages (including marked nominative languages)
Nominative case (2)	agent; voluntary experiencer	he pushed the door and it opened; she paused	active languages
Objective case (1)	direct or indirect object of verb	I saw her; I gave her the book.	Bengali | Chuvash
Objective/Oblique (2)	direct or indirect object of verb or object of preposition; a catch-all case for any situation except nominative or genitive	I saw her; I gave her the book; with her.	English | Swedish | Danish | Norwegian | Bulgarian
Oblique case	all-round case; any situation except nominative or vocative	concerning the house	Anglo-Norman [ citation needed ]| Hindi | Old French | Old Provençal | Telugu | Tibetan
Intransitive case (also called passive or patient case)	the subject of an intransitive verb or the logical complement of a transitive verb	The door opened	languages of the Caucasus | Ainu
Pegative case	agent in a clause with a dative argument	he gave the book to him	Azoyú Tlapanec

Relation

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Ablative case	all-round indirect case	concerning the house	Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Sanskrit | Inuktitut | Kashmiri | Latin | Lithuanian | Finnish [1]
Aversive case	avoiding or fear	avoiding the house	Warlpiri | Yidiny
Benefactive case	for, for the benefit of, intended for	for the house	Basque | Quechua | Telugu
Caritative case	because of presence or absence	for want of a house	Ngiyambaa
Causal case	because, because of	because of the house	Quechua | Telugu
Causal-final case	efficient or final cause	for a house	Chuvash | Hungarian
Comitative case	accompanied with	with the house	Dumi | Ingush | Estonian | Finnish (rare) [10] | Inari Sámi | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Kven | Northern Sámi | Skolt Sámi | Ossetic (only in Iron) | Tibetan
Dative case	shows direction or recipient	for/to the house	Albanian | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri | Belarusian | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Erzya | Faroese | Georgian | German | Ancient Greek | Hindi | Hungarian | Icelandic | Inuktitut | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Latin | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu | Ossetic | Polish | Romanian | Russian | Sanskrit | Scottish Gaelic † | Serbian | Slovak | Slovene | Tsez | Turkish | Ukrainian | Yiddish ^† The case classically referred to as dative in Scottish Gaelic has shifted to, and is sometimes called, a prepositional case.
Distributive case	distribution by piece	per house	Chuvash | Hungarian | Manchu | Finnish [6]
Distributive-temporal case	frequency	daily; on Sundays	Hungarian; Finnish [6]
Genitive case	shows generic relationship, generally ownership, but also composition, reference, description, etc.	of the house; the house's	Akkadian | Albanian | Arabic | Armenian (Eastern) | Armenian (Western) | Azeri | Bengali | Belarusian | Bosnian | Chuvash | Croatian | Czech | Danish | Dutch | English | Erzya | Estonian | Faroese | Finnish | Georgian | German | Greek | Hungarian | Icelandic | Inari Sámi | Irish | Japanese [5] | Kashmiri | Latin | Latvian | Lithuanian | Manchu | Northern Sámi | Norwegian | Persian [11] | Polish | Romanian | Russian | Sanskrit | Scottish Gaelic | Serbian | Skolt Sámi | Slovak | Slovene | Swedish | Tibetan | Tsez | Turkish | Ukrainian | Kven
Ornative case	endowment	equipped with a house	Dumi; Hungarian
Possessed case	passive possession	the house is owned	Tlingit | Turkish † ^† A sentence with possessed case noun always has to include a possessive case noun.
Possessive case	direct ownership	owned by the house	English | Turkish
Privative case	lacking, without	without a house	Chuvash | Kamu | Martuthunira | Wagiman
Semblative/Similative case	similarity, comparing	that tree is like a house	Wagiman
Sociative case	along with, together with	(together) with the house	Hungarian | Ossetic
Substitutive case	substituting, instead of	instead of him	Archi

Semantics

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Partitive case	used for amounts	three (of the) houses	Estonian | Finnish [12] | Inari Sámi | Russian | Skolt Sámi | Kven
Prepositional case	when prepositions precede the noun	in/on/about the house	Belarusian † | Czech † | Polish † | Russian | Scottish Gaelic ‡ | Slovak † | Ukrainian † ^† This case is called lokál in Czech and Slovak, miejscownik in Polish, місцевий (miscevý) in Ukrainian and месны (miesny) in Belarusian; these names imply that this case also covers locative case. ^‡ The prepositional case in Scottish Gaelic is classically referred to as a dative case.
Vocative case	used for addressing, with or without a preposition	Hey, father! O father! Father!	Albanian (rare) | Belarusian (rare) | Bulgarian | Bosnian | Croatian | Czech | Georgian | Greek | Hindi | Irish | Japanese (literary or poetic) | Scottish Gaelic | Manx | Itelmen | Kashmiri | Ket | Latin | Latvian | Lithuanian | Macedonian | Nivkh | Polish | Romanian | Russian (rare) | Sanskrit | Scottish Gaelic | Serbian | Slovak (rare) | Telugu | Ukrainian | Nahuatl

State

Case	Usage	Example	Found in
Abessive case	lacking	without the house	Erzya | Estonian | Finnish [10] | Inari Sámi | Skolt Sámi | Quechua | Kven
Adverbial case	temporary state	as a house	Georgian | Udmurt | Finnic languages | Abkhaz
Comparative case [13]	comparison	like the house	Dumi | Mari | Nivkh | Czech
Equative case	similarity	similar to the house	Greenlandic | Ossetic | Sumerian | Tlingit | Tsez
Essive case	temporary state of being	as the house	Estonian | Finnish [12] | Inari Sámi | Inuktitut | Middle Egyptian | Northern Sámi | Skolt Sámi | Tsez
Essive-formal case	marking a condition as a quality (a kind of shape)	as a house	Hungarian | Manchu
Essive-modal case	marking a condition as a quality (a way of being)	as a house	Hungarian
Exessive case	marking a transition from a condition	from being a house (i.e., it stops being a house)	Estonian (rare) | Finnish (dialectal)
Formal case	marking a condition as a quality	as a house	Hungarian
Identical case	showing equality	being the house	Manchu
Orientative case	positive orientation	turned towards the house	Chukchi | Manchu
Revertive case	negative orientation	against the house	Manchu
Translative case	change of a condition into another	(turning) into a house	Erzya | Estonian | Finnish [12] | Hungarian | Japanese | Khanty | Manchu | Kven

References

1. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Exterior local cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
2. S. Agesthialingom, Prakya Sreesaila Subrahmanyam, Dravidian Linguistics- V: (proceedings of the Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics- V), Page 275, 1976 - 582 pages, Google book search link quote: "(6) 'before' (antessive), (7) 'behind, ..."
3. Robert, Stéphane Robert (1999). Language Diversity and Cognitive Representations. p. 229. ISBN   978-9027223555.
4. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Interior Local Cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
5. Takahashi, Tarou; et al. (2010). A Japanese Grammar (in Japanese) (4 ed.). Japan: Hitsuji Shobou. p. 27. ISBN   978-4-89476-244-2.
6. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish grammar - adverbial cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
7. Schiffman, Harold F. "The Tamil Case System" (PDF). Retrieved 26 March 2024.
8. Coupe, A. R. (27 August 2008), "A Grammar of Mongsen Ao", A Grammar of Mongsen Ao, De Gruyter Mouton, doi:10.1515/9783110198522, ISBN   978-3-11-019852-2 , retrieved 20 November 2024
9. "Case (definition) - Scottish Gaelic Grammar Wiki". gaelicgrammar.org. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
10. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - Means Cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
11. Behrang QasemiZadeh, Saeed Rahimi, Persian in MULTEXT-East Framework, 5th International Conference on NLP, FinTAL 2006 Turku, Finland, August 23–25, 2006 Proceedings
12. Mäkinen, Panu. "Finnish Grammar - General Local Cases". users.jyu.fi. University of Jyväskylä. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
13. Caha, Pavel; De Clercq, Karen; Vanden Wyngaerd, Guido (December 2019). "The Fine Structure of the Comparative". Studia Linguistica. 73 (3): 470–521. doi:10.1111/stul.12107. hdl: 1854/LU-8577244 . ISSN   0039-3193.