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The Uralic languages form a language family of 38 languages spoken by approximately 25 million people, predominantly in Europe, and in northern Asia. The Uralic languages with the most native speakers are Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian. Other significant languages with fewer speakers are Erzya, Moksha, Mari, Udmurt, Sami, Komi, and Vepsian, all of which are spoken in northern regions of Scandinavia and the Russian Federation.
In grammar, the essive case, or similaris case, is a grammatical case. The essive case on a noun can express it as a definite period of time during which something happens or during which a continuous action was completed. It can also denote a form as a temporary location, state of being, or character in which the subject was at a given time. The latter meaning is often described as the equivalent of the English phrase "as a __".
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References
- ↑ Ariste, Paul. 1960. "Ekstsessiivist läänemere keeltes." In Emakeele Seltsi Aastaraamat, VI, 145-161.
- ↑ Särkkä, Tauno. 1969. Itämerensuomalaisten kielten eksessiivi. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 291.) Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
- ↑ Prillop, Külli et al. 2020. Eesti keele ajalugu. Tartu Ülikooli Kirjastus. p. 201.
- ↑ Korpela, Jukka K. "93. Constructs sometimes regarded as cases". Handbook of Finnish. Turku: Suomen E-painos Oy. p. 332. ISBN 978-9-5266-1334-5 . Retrieved April 15, 2019.
Sometimes a case, exessive, with an ending ntA (combined from the ending nA of essive and tA of partitive) is suggested, meaning "from the role of", thus making the system of locational cases more orthogonal. It is used in a few dialects, though often in a few words only, e.g. using luonta instead of ...
- ↑ Anhava, Jaakko (2010). "Criteria for case forms in Finnish and Hungarian grammars" (PDF). journal.fi. Studia Orientalia. pp. 241–242. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
A rare case form attested in some dialects of Finnish is the exessive, -nta/-ntä; it has developed on the basis of the historical separative case -ta/-tä (which is also the origin of the contemporary Finnish partitive case, which has changed from its historical local meaning into a grammatical case) and has been used in roughly the same meaning: luonta "from the vicinity of", takanta "from behind". The form is relatively young, which can be seen from the fact that it does not take part in Finnish consonantal gradation of stops (takanta, never *taanta – although taakse "(to) behind" where the gradation does take place). In contrast to the Estonian terminative, neither the exessive nor the above-mentioned prolative have become productive case endings in any Finnic language.