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Papuan Gulf | |
---|---|
(proposed) | |
Geographic distribution | Papuan Gulf, southern Papua New Guinea |
Subdivisions |
|
Glottolog | None |
Map: The Papuan Gulf languages of New Guinea The Papuan Gulf languages Trans–New Guinea languages Other Papuan languages Austronesian languages Uninhabited |
The Papuan Gulf languages are a proposed language family of Papuan languages spoken inland from the large gulf that defines the shape of southern Papua New Guinea. [1]
The lexical data below is from the Trans-New Guinea database [2] and Usher (2020), [3] unless noted otherwise. Neighboring languages not traditionally classified within Papuan Gulf are also included for comparison.
family | language | head | hair | ear | eye | nose | tooth | tongue | leg | blood | bone | skin | breast |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *kobutu; *kV(mb,p)utu; *mUtUna; *mVtVna | *iti; *(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *zumun | *ka(nd,t)(i,e)C; *kat(i,e)C; *tVmV(d) | *g(a,u)mu; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *nVpV | *mundu; *mutu | *magata; *maŋgat[a]; *titi | *balaŋ; *mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e; *me(n,l)e | *kani(n); *k(a,o)ond(a,o)C; *kitu | *ke(ñj,s)a; *kesa | *kondaC; *kwata(l,n) | *gatapu; *(ŋg,k)a(nd,t)apu | *amu |
Kamula | Kamula | dokupala; tɔkɔnʌlʌ | kokosasi; kɔkɔsʌse | molo; mɔlɔ | inʌma; inoma | mu; mũ | ɛpe | te; tɛ | ɛtɛ; hetei | umali; umʌ:li | ɛľu; ɛro | kapala; kʌpʌlʌ | mɛmɛ |
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | bisikoki; bisikɔki; dagata; dapokala | bisikaka; bisi kaka | kosoropa; kosořopa; kɔsɔrɔpa | usa | deimu; demu | beserepa; beseřepa | metata; mɛtɛtʌ; mɛtɛta | tupa | balipa; baripa; memere | ki | baua | bu; burukopa |
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | abaki | abuluso | apu | usa | bulu | da | ithi | sʌřei | omani | khi | bʌli | toka |
Tabo | Tabo | wato | hinibó; hinibɔ | galo | ba ͥdi; baidi | dopo; dɔ:pɔ | lalo; lolo | mɛlpila; merapira | nato | hawi; haᵘwi | goha; goha: | tama | nono |
Porome | Porome [4] | kikimi | kikimikuro | obokera | ipiri | urubi | koropi | beri | warakero | eimuro | |||
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati [3] | *mab | *b[au]t | *go̝ | *isĩ | *ju | *magu | *tãᵋ | *tab | *sõ̝ | |||
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa [3] | *tobo | *ni[g]i | *[w]odzo | *ge[…] | *gun… | *kamina | *di[l/r]i | *wadz[i/e] | *ame | |||
Pawaia | Pawaia | mu | muse; sị | nȩᶦ; nɛ̣i | to; toᵘ | ho; họ | su | ha̧pi; hɛmina | hɛ; si̧ʔi̧ | sɛni; su̧ | džɛmɛ; yɛmi | hɛʔȩ; hɛi | ɛmi |
Purari | Purari | uku | kimari | keporo | inamu | pina | niʔiri | anae | ari | aro | laʔaro | kape | ame |
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | aro | uʔumo | oʔi | ere | noʔi | huʔu | anara | fera | ivare | uki | ame |
family | language | louse | dog | pig | bird | egg | tree | sun | moon | water | fire | stone | path |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *niman | *n(e,i); *n(e)i; *n[e]i; *yak; *yaka[i]; *yanem | *maŋgV; *munaka; *mun(a,u)ka | *ida; *inda ~ *iñja | *kamali; *kamuli; *ketana | *kal(a,i)m; *kamali; *takVn; *takVn[V] | *nok; *(n)ok; *ok(u); *ok[V] | *inda; *k(a,e)dap; *k(a,e)(n,d)ap; *kambu; *k(a,o)nd(a,u)p | *kamb(a,u)na; *(na)muna; *[na]muna | |||
Kamula | Kamula | iyʌ; iya | ɛsemala; esemʌlʌ | ʌľiʌ | tea | temoko; temɔkɔ | dali; tʌli | sali; sʌľi | mama; mʌmʌ | yu | deľʌpʌ; dřaƀa | ewʌľʌ; yawařa | api |
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | pe | sapo | apo | meta; mɛta | kwapa; motakapa | besa; bosa | male; nane | iliɛpɛ; irepe | daia; daiya | betate; darau; dařau | kaɔ; kɔ | iti |
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | amu | khasa | nɛna | sɩkĩ | wõnõ | gu | khikha | ři | umu | dɩki | kɔ | |
Tabo | Tabo | tamani | gaha | hola; hola: | kikipo | ke'ha; kɛha | kadepa; kadɛpa | manome; manomi | bea | koe; kue: | -nadi; naki | gabo | |
Porome | Porome | kumi | bobi | kumi | kubi | eri ipiro | omeri tero | ubi | erei | kumapi | meri | ||
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati | *gutɔm | *gas | *gɔ[u]n | *gaᵋ | *d[ɔ]um | *i | *ɛsɔa | *wẽ̝ | *i | *dɛⁱ | ||
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa | *j[o]wi | *kibu | *ba | *ge | *ni | *s[u]g[a] | *wẽi | *si[a] | *tũ | |||
Pawaia | Pawaia | po; poř | hạ; hɛ̧ | ya | deř; ge | ge džu; yo | i̧; in | ol; olsuɛ; sia | we; wɛ | sa | sia | tobu; topu | sụ |
Purari | Purari | kaeriʔi | oroko | nako | munu | iri | lare | ia | ere | iau | rore | ||
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | saruta | evera | mini | mini umu | oproro | lare | fuiya | haime | aiyeʔi | ere |
family | language | man | woman | name | eat | one | two |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trans-New Guinea | Proto-Trans-New Guinea | *abV; *ambi | *panV; *pan(V) | *ibi; *imbi; *wani | *na; *na- | *ta(l,t)(a,e) | |
Kamula | Kamula | ɔpɔlʌimi; opřami | eya; ɛ̃yã | hi | dampřoma; tʌɛdɔma | hatropɛ; hʌtɔlɔp | dapiamɛtɛ; depiʌmɛtɛ |
Dibiyaso | Dibiyaso | sau | tawa͗e; tawoi; tawɔi | yo | na- | makate | ařapa |
Doso-Turumsa | Doso | haimo | dobo | samu | nane | ||
Tabo | Tabo | dubu; tubu | kamena | mahiro; mahiřo | hɛna; nɛ:na | kapia | nete'ewa |
Porome | Porome | moia | eria | ||||
Turama-Kikori | Proto-Rumu-Omati | *e̝ne̝ne̝n | *t[aⁱ/aᵋ] | ||||
Teberan | Proto-Dadibi-Folopa | *so | *nV- | *me | |||
Pawaia | Pawaia | džʌʔla; yala | oi; u | hɛʔɛpi; hopi | hatisụɛ; ti haʔayɛ | pɛʔɛmi; pomi | naʔau; nau |
Purari | Purari | vake | aʔe | noe | navai | monou | leʔeo |
Kaki Ae | Kaki Ae | aru | aʔu | iru | muake | okiao | uʔungka |
The Trans-Fly – Bulaka RiverakaSouth-Central Papuan languages form a hypothetical family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages west of the Fly River in southern Papua New Guinea into southern Indonesian West Papua, plus a pair of languages on the Bulaka River a hundred km further west.
The Nimboran languages are a small family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Grime River watershed, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. However, when proto-Nimboran pronouns are reconstructed (*genam "I" and kom or komot "thou"), they have little resemblance to the proto-TNG pronouns *na and *ga. Usher places them in a North Papuan stock that resembles Cowan's proposal.
Porome, also known as Kibiri, is a Papuan language of southern Papua New Guinea.
Purari (Namau) is a Papuan language of Papua New Guinea.
The Kiwaian languages form a language family of New Guinea. They are a dialect cluster of half a dozen closely related languages. They are grammatically divergent from the Trans–New Guinea languages, and typically have singular, dual, trial, and plural pronouns.
The Kayagar languages are a small family of four closely related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken around the Cook River in Province of South Papua, Indonesia:
The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea. The languages are Kaure and Kosare.
The Kutubuan languages are a small family of neighboring languages families in Papua New Guinea. They are named after Lake Kutubu in Papua New Guinea.
The Turama–Kikorian languages are a family identified by Arthur Capell (1962) and part of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) family in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The family is named after the Turama River and Kikori River of southern Papua New Guinea; the alternative name is based more narrowly on the Omati River.
The Teberan languages are a well established family of Papuan languages that Stephen Wurm (1975) grouped with the Pawaia language as a branch of the Trans–New Guinea phylum.
The Angan or Kratke Range languages are a family of the Trans–New Guinea languages in the classification of Malcolm Ross. The Angan languages are clearly valid as a family. They were first identified as such by J. Lloyd and A. Healey in 1968; Wurm (1975) classified them as Trans–New Guinea. Glottolog treats Angan as a separate or unclassified family, ignoring further evidence.
The Kamula–Elevala languages are a small family of the Trans–New Guinea languages spoken in the region of the Elevala River.
The Gogodala–Suki or Suki – Aramia River languages are a small language family of Papua New Guinea, spoken in the region of the Aramia River.
The Bosavi or Papuan Plateau languages belong to the Trans-New Guinea language family according to the classifications made by Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher. This language family derives its name from Mount Bosavi and the Papuan Plateau.
The East Strickland or Strickland River languages are a family of Papuan languages.
The Southeast Papuan or Papuan Peninsula languages are a group of half a dozen small families of Papuan languages in the "Bird's Tail" of New Guinea that are part of the Trans–New Guinea (TNG) phylum.
The Yam languages, also known as the Morehead River languages, are a family of Papuan languages. They include many of the languages south and west of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea and Indonesian West Papua.
Mor is a nearly extinct Trans–New Guinea language of Indonesia. It is spoken along the Budidi River and the Bomberai River on the Bomberai Peninsula.
Pawaia, also known as Sira, Tudahwe, Yasa, is a Papuan language that forms a tentative independent branch of the Trans–New Guinea family in the classification of Malcolm Ross (2005).
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.