| East Geelvink Bay | |
|---|---|
| East Cenderawasih | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua Province, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Glottolog | geel1240 |
 | |
The East Geelvink Bay or East Cenderawasih languages are a language family of a dozen Papuan languages along the eastern coast of Geelvink Bay in Indonesian Papua, which is also known as Sarera Bay or Cenderawasih.
Of these, only Turunggare, Barapasi, and Bauzi are known well enough to demonstrate a relationship, though they are all lexically similar (> 60%). The unclassified Kehu language, spoken between Turunggare and Burate, may turn out to be East Geelvink Bay as well.
Bauzi is the best documented East Geelvink Bay language, but may or may not be representative of the Geelvink Bay family as a whole. [1]
A relationship between Yawa, spoken on Yapen Island, and the East Geelvink Bay languages was tentatively proposed by C. L. Voorhoeve in 1975[ citation needed ] in a proposal he called Geelvink Bay. The hypothesis was taken up by Stephen Wurm, who developed it as part of an initial attempt to classify the Papuan languages; however, the relationship would be a distant one, and later linguists such as Mark Donohue considered Yawa to be a language isolate.
Clouse (1997) [2] removed the Lakes Plain languages of the upper Mamberamo River in the interior of Papua from Trans–New Guinea, where Würm had placed them, and by comparison with Bauzi and Demisa proposes them to be a sister family of the East Geelvink Bay languages. Basic vocabulary cognates that Clouse suggests to connect the two stocks include:
| meaning | Proto-Lakes Plain | Bauzi | Demisa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 'eye' | *kudatiCV | (faxo) | halukwa |
| 'muscle' | *tV | nubu | (betinukwa) |
| 'water' | *deida | vaɔ | wɔte |
| 'fire' | *kudaide | vua | gwa |
| 'tree' | *kuCV | uto | |
| 'black' | *kVCa | gihot | giho |
| 'child' | *tau-bri | data | dataβi |
| 'we' | *ai | i | |
| 'go, walk' | *kidia | la | |
| 'blow' | *pudV | fɛu | |
| 'feces' | *pade | haɛ | |
| 'arrow' | *poka | fɔ | |
| 'bad' | Proto-Tariku: *ɸVra | fait |
However, in his 2005 classification based on comparative evidence from pronouns, Malcolm Ross treats all three groups as separate families, with Yawa tentatively placed in an extended West Papuan family.
Verbal morphology in the East Geelvink Bay family is less complex than that of Tor-Kwerba languages, but is more complex than that of the Lakes Plain languages. [1]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–East Geelvink Bay are,
| I | *e | we | *i |
| thou | *o | you | *u |
| s/he | *a | they | ? |
Basic vocabulary of selected East Cenderawasih languages (Barapasi, Bauzi, Demisa, Tunggare) listed in Foley (2018). These are not necessarily cognate. [1]
| gloss | Barapasi | Bauzi | Demisa | Tunggare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘bird’ | de | bume | bijana | dinarate |
| ‘blood’ | nosi | vasɛa | nahabi | nahavei |
| ‘bone’ | para | fa | heta | ha |
| ‘eat’ | ai | æ | ɣayo | |
| ‘egg’ | moʔa | ɔɔ | mwa | ʔoʔo |
| ‘eye’ | aronua | faxo | halukwa | hanua |
| ‘fire’ | awa | vua | gwa | urehe |
| ‘give’ | wai | lɔ | nore | |
| ‘ground’ | deta | bake | bæi | baʔe |
| ‘hair’ | nawa | ohuta | ohutai | ohitaʔi |
| ‘head’ | osi | ohula | ohuda | ʔohaha |
| ‘I’ | emi | e | emdə | ei |
| ‘leg’ | naro | naɔ | naro | nal |
| ‘louse’ | woa | vɔa | yo | ʔua |
| ‘man’ | doro | dam | damateha | date |
| ‘name’ | here | ɛ | ʔe | |
| ‘one’ | orari | væmtɛa | natudüe | duaʔa |
| ‘see’ | ute | aa | maʔai | |
| ‘stone’ | aea | kɛ | ɛdu | hahia |
| ‘sun’ | wapao | ala | arɔ | au |
| ‘tooth’ | moru | mo | molu | mou |
| ‘tree’ | auma | uto | uto-me | |
| ‘two’ | apimi | bɛhæsu | utahu | amaite |
| ‘water’ | waro | vaɔ | wɔte | mana |
| ‘we’ | i-me | i | i | |
| ‘you (pl)’ | u-mi | u | wi |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Clouse (1997) [2] and Voorhoeve (1975), [3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: [4]
| gloss | Bauzi | Demisa | Barapasi | Tunggare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | dauha; ohula | ohuda | osi | ʔohaha |
| hair | ohuta | ohutai | nəwa | ohitaʔi |
| ear | dogoi | hema | ||
| eye | fako; faxo | halukwa | aronua | hanua |
| nose | ɔmtɔ | omata | ||
| tooth | mõ | moru | mou | |
| tongue | iso | itsa | ||
| leg | nabaː; nao | naɾo | naro | nal |
| louse | vɔa; vwa | yo | woa | ʔua |
| dog | vɛm; veme | nimi | weme | |
| pig | doho; dɔhɔ | beiji | doho | |
| bird | bume; bumɛ | bijana | de | dinarate |
| egg | ʔo; ɔɔ | mwa | moʔa | ʔoʔo |
| blood | vasɛa; veiso | nahabi | nosi | nahavei |
| bone | fa; oveha | heta | para | ha |
| skin | sogoba; sɔkɔba | hiɔ | terebaʔa | isaʔa |
| breast | ahudɛ | ubɾa | ||
| tree | uto | auma | uto-me | |
| man | data | doro | date | |
| sky | asum | asunawa | ||
| sun | ala; ala(meoho) | aɾɔ | wapao | au |
| moon | ala | aɾo | ||
| water | valo; vaɔ | wɔte | waro | mana |
| fire | üwa; vua | gwa | awa | urehe |
| stone | kɛ; khe | ɛdu | aea | hahia |
| name | ɛ; ele | here | ʔe | |
| eat | æ; udeʔa | aire | ghayo | |
| one | væmtɛa; vamtia | natudüe | orari | duaʔa |
| two | beasu; bɛhæsu | utahu | apimi | amaite |
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands, a region corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia.
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands in Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and East Timor. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship.
The Sko or Skou languages are a small language family spoken by about 7000 people, mainly along the Vanimo coast of Sandaun Province in Papua New Guinea, with a few being inland from this area and at least one just across the border in the Indonesian province of Papua.
The West Papuan languages are a proposed language family of about two dozen non-Austronesian languages of the Bird's Head Peninsula of far western New Guinea, the island of Halmahera and its vicinity, spoken by about 220,000 people in all. It is not established if they constitute a proper linguistic family or an areal network of genetically unrelated families.
The Lower Mamberamo languages are a recently proposed language family linking two languages spoken along the northern coast of Papua province, Indonesia, near the mouth of the Mamberamo River. They have various been classified either as heavily Papuanized Austronesian languages belonging to the SHWNG branch, or as Papuan languages that had undergone heavy Austronesian influence. Glottolog 3.4 classifies Lower Mamberamo as Austronesian, while Donohue classifies it as Papuan. Kamholz (2014) classifies Warembori and Yoke each as coordinate primary subgroups of the South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages.
The Border or Upper Tami languages are an independent family of Papuan languages in Malcolm Ross's version of the Trans–New Guinea proposal.
The Mairasi languages, also known as Etna Bay are a small independent family of Papuan languages in the classifications of Malcolm Ross and Timothy Usher, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. They are named after Etna Bay, located in the southeastern corner of West Papua province, in Indonesia.
The Nimboran languages are a small family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Grime River and Nawa River watershed in Jayapura Regency, that had been part of Stephen Wurm's Trans–New Guinea proposal. However, when proto-Nimboran pronouns are reconstructed (*genam "I" and kom or komot "thou"), they have little resemblance to the proto-TNG pronouns *na and *ga. Usher places them in a North Papuan stock that resembles Cowan's proposal.
The Lakes Plain languages are a family of Papuan languages, spoken in the Lakes Plain of Indonesian New Guinea. They are notable for being heavily tonal and for their lack of nasal consonants.
The Yuat languages are an independent family of five Papuan languages spoken along the Yuat River in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. They are an independent family in the classification of Malcolm Ross, but are included in Stephen Wurm's Sepik–Ramu proposal. However, Foley and Ross could find no lexical or morphological evidence that they are related to the Sepik or Ramu languages.
The Burmeso language – also known as Taurap – is spoken by some 300 people in Burmeso village along the mid Mamberamo River in Mamberamo Tengah subdistrict, Mamberamo Raya Regency, Papua province, Indonesia. It is surrounded by the Kwerba languages to the north, the Lakes Plain languages to the south, and the East Cenderawasih Bay languages to the west.
The Yawa languages, also known as Yapen languages, are a small family of two closely related Papuan languages, Yawa and Saweru, which are often considered to be divergent dialects of a single language. They are spoken on central Yapen Island and nearby islets, in Cenderawasih Bay, Indonesian Papua, which they share with the Austronesian Yapen languages.
The Kaure–Kosare or Nawa River languages are a small family spoken along the Nawa River in West Papua, near the northern border with Papua New Guinea. The languages are Kaure and Kosare.
The Dani or Baliem Valley languages are a family of clearly related Trans–New Guinea languages spoken by the Dani and related peoples in the Baliem Valley in the Highland Papua, Indonesia. Foley (2003) considers their Trans–New Guinea language group status to be established. They may be most closely related to the languages of Paniai Lakes, but this is not yet clear. Capell (1962) posited that their closest relatives were the Kwerba languages, which Ross (2005) rejects.
The Mombum languages, also known as the Komolom or Muli Strait languages, are a pair of Trans–New Guinea languages, Mombum (Komolom) and Koneraw, spoken on Komolom Island just off Yos Sudarso Island, and on the southern coast of Yos Sudarso Island, respectively, on the southern coast of New Guinea. Komolom Island is at the southern end of the Muli Strait.
Momuna (Momina), also known as Somahai, is a Papuan language spoken in Yahukimo Regency, Highland Papua and Asmat Regency, South Papua, Indonesia.
The Demta–Sentani languages form a language family of coastal Indonesian Papua near the Papua New Guinea border.
The Palei languages constitute a branch of the Torricelli language family according to Laycock (1975). They are spoken in mountainous regions of eastern Sandaun Province, Papua New Guinea.
Molof is a poorly documented Papuan language spoken by about 200 people in Molof village, Senggi District, Keerom Regency.
The East Pauwasi languages are a family of Papuan languages spoken in north-central New Guinea, on both sides of the Indonesia-Papua New Guinea border. They may either form part of a larger Pauwasi language family along with the Western Pauwasi languages, or they could form an independent language family.
