| East Geelvink Bay | |
|---|---|
| East Cenderawasih | |
| Geographic distribution | Papua Province, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | One of the world's primary language families |
| Glottolog | geel1240 |
 | |
The East Geelvink Bay or East Cenderawasih languages are a language family of a dozen Papuan languages along the eastern coast of Geelvink Bay in Indonesian Papua, which is also known as Sarera Bay or Cenderawasih.
The East Geelvink Bay languages are:
Of these, only Turunggare, Barapasi, and Bauzi are known well enough to demonstrate a relationship, though they are all lexically similar (> 60%). The unclassified Kehu language, spoken between Turunggare and Burate, may turn out to be East Geelvink Bay as well.
Bauzi is the best documented East Geelvink Bay language, but may or may not be representative of the Geelvink Bay family as a whole. [1]
A relationship between Yawa, spoken on Yapen Island, and the East Geelvink Bay languages was tentatively proposed by C. L. Voorhoeve in 1975[ citation needed ] in a proposal he called Geelvink Bay. The hypothesis was taken up by Stephen Wurm, who developed it as part of an initial attempt to classify the Papuan languages; however, the relationship would be a distant one, and later linguists such as Mark Donohue considered Yawa to be a language isolate.
Clouse (1997) [2] removed the Lakes Plain languages of the upper Mamberamo River in the interior of Papua from Trans–New Guinea, where Würm had placed them, and by comparison with Bauzi and Demisa proposes them to be a sister family of the East Geelvink Bay languages. Basic vocabulary cognates that Clouse suggests to connect the two stocks include:
| meaning | Proto-Lakes Plain | Bauzi | Demisa |
|---|---|---|---|
| 'eye' | *kudatiCV | (faxo) | halukwa |
| 'muscle' | *tV | nubu | (betinukwa) |
| 'water' | *deida | vaɔ | wɔte |
| 'fire' | *kudaide | vua | gwa |
| 'tree' | *kuCV | uto | |
| 'black' | *kVCa | gihot | giho |
| 'child' | *tau-bri | data | dataβi |
| 'we' | *ai | i | |
| 'go, walk' | *kidia | la | |
| 'blow' | *pudV | fɛu | |
| 'feces' | *pade | haɛ | |
| 'arrow' | *poka | fɔ | |
| 'bad' | Proto-Tariku: *ɸVra | fait |
However, in his 2005 classification based on comparative evidence from pronouns, Malcolm Ross treats all three groups as separate families, with Yawa tentatively placed in an extended West Papuan family.
Verbal morphology in the East Geelvink Bay family is less complex than that of Tor-Kwerba languages, but is more complex than that of the Lakes Plain languages. [1]
The pronouns Ross reconstructs for proto–East Geelvink Bay are,
| I | *e | we | *i |
| thou | *o | you | *u |
| s/he | *a | they | ? |
Basic vocabulary of selected East Cenderawasih languages (Barapasi, Bauzi, Demisa, Tunggare) listed in Foley (2018): [1]
| gloss | Barapasi | Bauzi | Demisa | Tunggare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘bird’ | de | bume | bijana | dinarate |
| ‘blood’ | nosi | vasɛa | nahabi | nahavei |
| ‘bone’ | para | fa | heta | ha |
| ‘eat’ | ai | æ | ɣayo | |
| ‘egg’ | moʔa | ɔɔ | mwa | ʔoʔo |
| ‘eye’ | aronua | faxo | halukwa | hanua |
| ‘fire’ | awa | vua | gwa | urehe |
| ‘give’ | wai | lɔ | nore | |
| ‘ground’ | deta | bake | bæi | baʔe |
| ‘hair’ | nawa | ohuta | ohutai | ohitaʔi |
| ‘head’ | osi | ohula | ohuda | ʔohaha |
| ‘I’ | emi | e | emdə | ei |
| ‘leg’ | naro | naɔ | naro | nal |
| ‘louse’ | woa | vɔa | yo | ʔua |
| ‘man’ | doro | dam | damateha | date |
| ‘name’ | here | ɛ | ʔe | |
| ‘one’ | orari | væmtɛa | natudüe | duaʔa |
| ‘see’ | ute | aa | maʔai | |
| ‘stone’ | aea | kɛ | ɛdu | hahia |
| ‘sun’ | wapao | ala | arɔ | au |
| ‘tooth’ | moru | mo | molu | mou |
| ‘tree’ | auma | uto | uto-me | |
| ‘two’ | apimi | bɛhæsu | utahu | amaite |
| ‘water’ | waro | vaɔ | wɔte | mana |
| ‘we’ | i-me | i | i | |
| ‘you (pl)’ | u-mi | u | wi |
The following basic vocabulary words are from Clouse (1997) [2] and Voorhoeve (1975), [3] as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: [4]
| gloss | Bauzi | Demisa | Barapasi | Tunggare |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | dauha; ohula | ohuda | osi | ʔohaha |
| hair | ohuta | ohutai | nəwa | ohitaʔi |
| ear | dogoi | hema | ||
| eye | fako; faxo | halukwa | aronua | hanua |
| nose | ɔmtɔ | omata | ||
| tooth | mõ | moru | mou | |
| tongue | iso | itsa | ||
| leg | nabaː; nao | naɾo | naro | nal |
| louse | vɔa; vwa | yo | woa | ʔua |
| dog | vɛm; veme | nimi | weme | |
| pig | doho; dɔhɔ | beiji | doho | |
| bird | bume; bumɛ | bijana | de | dinarate |
| egg | ʔo; ɔɔ | mwa | moʔa | ʔoʔo |
| blood | vasɛa; veiso | nahabi | nosi | nahavei |
| bone | fa; oveha | heta | para | ha |
| skin | sogoba; sɔkɔba | hiɔ | terebaʔa | isaʔa |
| breast | ahudɛ | ubɾa | ||
| tree | uto | auma | uto-me | |
| man | data | doro | date | |
| sky | asum | asunawa | ||
| sun | ala; ala(meoho) | aɾɔ | wapao | au |
| moon | ala | aɾo | ||
| water | valo; vaɔ | wɔte | waro | mana |
| fire | üwa; vua | gwa | awa | urehe |
| stone | kɛ; khe | ɛdu | aea | hahia |
| name | ɛ; ele | here | ʔe | |
| eat | æ; udeʔa | aire | ghayo | |
| one | væmtɛa; vamtia | natudüe | orari | duaʔa |
| two | beasu; bɛhæsu | utahu | apimi | amaite |
Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken in New Guinea and neighboring islands, perhaps the third-largest language family in the world by number of languages. The core of the family is considered to be established, but its boundaries and overall membership are uncertain. The languages are spoken by around 3 million people. There have been three main proposals as to its internal classification.
The Papuan languages are the non-Austronesian and non-Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geographical grouping, and does not imply a genetic relationship. The concept of Papuan peoples as distinct from Austronesian-speaking Melanesians was first suggested and named by Sidney Herbert Ray in 1892.
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