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In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
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The Central Flores languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken in the central part of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. The speech area of the Central Flores languages is bordered to the west by the Manggarai language, and to the east by the Sikka language.
Alor Malay is a Malay-based creole language spoken in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. Speakers perceive Alor Malay to be a different register of standard Indonesian, but both of these are prestige varieties of the archipelago. Many people are able to understand standard Indonesian, but cannot speak it fluently and choose to use Alor Malay on a daily basis.
Marian Klamer is a linguist who specializes in Austronesian and Papuan languages. Her interests include the documentation of minority languages, Malay language varieties, linguistic typology, historical linguistics, and language contact.
I Wayan Arka is an Indonesian-Balinese linguist, lecturer, scholar and researcher at Udayana University (UNUD) in Bali, Indonesia and the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia.
References
- ↑ Rongga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 Arka, I Wayan (2005). ‘Challenges and Prospect of Maintaining Rongga: A Preliminary Ethnographic Report’, in Ilana Mushin (ed.), Proceedings of the (2004) Conference of the Australian Linguistics Society. hdl : 2123/138
- ↑ I Wayan Arka (2016). Bahasa Rongga: Deskripsi, Tipologi dan Teori [Rongga Language: Description, Typology, and Theory] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Atma Jaya University Press. ISBN 978-602-8904-84-1.
- 1 2 I Wayan Arka (2010). "Maintaining Vera in Rongga: Struggles over Culture, Tradition, and Language in Modern Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia". In Margaret Florey (ed.). Endangered languages of Austronesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–109. ISBN 978-0-19-954454-7. OCLC 796288873.
- ↑ Schapper, Antoinette; Klamer, Marian (2017). "Numeral systems in the Alor-Pantar languages". In Marian Klamer (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 277–329. ISBN 978-3-944675-94-7.
- ↑ I Wayan Arka; Jeladu Kosmas; I Nyoman Suparsa (2007). Bahasa Rongga: Tatabahasa Acuan Ringkas (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya. p. 53.
- ↑ I Wayan Arka (2010). "Numerals in Rongga". In Andrew Pawley, John Bowden (ed.). A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: Papers in honour of Andrew Pawley. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 319–332. ISBN 978-0-85883-620-4. OCLC 645888379 . Retrieved 2021-12-02.
