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Trans–New Guinea (TNG) is an extensive family of Papuan languages spoken on the island of New Guinea and neighboring islands ‒ corresponding to the country Papua New Guinea as well as parts of Indonesia.
In addition to its classical and literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the Malay Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca that was called Bazaar Malay or low Malay and in Malay Melayu Pasar. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders.
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Western Pantar, sometimes referred to by the name of one of its dialects, Lamma, is a Papuan language spoken in the western part of Pantar island in the Alor archipelago of Indonesia. Western Pantar is spoken widely in the region by about 10,000 speakers. Although speakers often use Malay in political, religious, and educational contexts, Western Pantar remains the first language of children of the region, and is acquired to some extent by immigrants.
Iau or Turu is a Lakes Plain language of West Papua, Indonesia, spoken by about 600 people. Most speakers are monolingual, and their number is growing. Other peoples in the western Lakes Plain area speak basic Iau. Iau is heavily tonal, with 11 tones on nouns and 19 simple and compound tones on verbs.
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The Alor–Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the Trans–New Guinea languages of the Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established.
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Morori is a moribund Papuan language of the Kolopom branch of the Trans–New Guinea family. It is separated from the other Kolopom languages by the intrusive Marind family. All speakers use Papuan Malay or Indonesian as L2, and many know Marind.
Teiwa is a Papuan language spoken on the Pantar island in eastern Indonesia. The island is the second largest in the Alor archipelago, lying just west of the largest island Alor.
Proto-Trans–New Guinea is the reconstructed proto-language ancestral to the Trans–New Guinea languages. Reconstructions have been proposed by Malcolm Ross and Andrew Pawley.
The Central Flores languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian language family. They are spoken in the central part of Flores, one of the Lesser Sunda Islands in the eastern half of Indonesia. The speech area of the Central Flores languages is bordered to the west by the Manggarai language, and to the east by the Sikka language.
Marian Klamer is a linguist who specializes in Austronesian and Papuan languages. Her interests include the documentation of minority languages, Malay language varieties, linguistic typology, historical linguistics, and language contact.
I Wayan Arka is an Indonesian-Balinese linguist, lecturer, scholar and researcher at Udayana University (UNUD) in Bali, Indonesia and the Australian National University (ANU) in Canberra, Australia.
References
- ↑ Rongga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- 1 2 Arka, I Wayan (2005). ‘Challenges and Prospect of Maintaining Rongga: A Preliminary Ethnographic Report’, in Ilana Mushin (ed.), Proceedings of the (2004) Conference of the Australian Linguistics Society. hdl : 2123/138
- ↑ I Wayan Arka (2016). Bahasa Rongga: Deskripsi, Tipologi dan Teori [Rongga Language: Description, Typology, and Theory] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Atma Jaya University Press. ISBN 978-602-8904-84-1.
- 1 2 I Wayan Arka (2010). "Maintaining Vera in Rongga: Struggles over Culture, Tradition, and Language in Modern Manggarai, Flores, Indonesia". In Margaret Florey (ed.). Endangered languages of Austronesia. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 90–109. ISBN 978-0-19-954454-7. OCLC 796288873.
- ↑ Schapper, Antoinette; Klamer, Marian (2017). "Numeral systems in the Alor-Pantar languages". In Marian Klamer (ed.). The Alor-Pantar languages: History and typology. Berlin: Language Science Press. pp. 277–329. ISBN 978-3-944675-94-7.
- ↑ I Wayan Arka; Jeladu Kosmas; I Nyoman Suparsa (2007). Bahasa Rongga: Tatabahasa Acuan Ringkas (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Atma Jaya. p. 53.
- ↑ I Wayan Arka (2010). "Numerals in Rongga". In Andrew Pawley, John Bowden (ed.). A journey through Austronesian and Papuan linguistic and cultural space: Papers in honour of Andrew Pawley. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 319–332. ISBN 978-0-85883-620-4. OCLC 645888379 . Retrieved 2021-12-02.
