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Manado Malay | |
---|---|
Bahasa Manado | |
Native to | Indonesia |
Region | North Sulawesi |
Native speakers | 850,000 (2001) [1] |
Malay Creole
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Dialects |
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | xmm |
Glottolog | mala1481 |
Manado Malay, or simply the Manado language, is a creole language spoken in Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi province in Indonesia, and the surrounding area. The local name of the language is bahasa Manado, and the name Minahasa Malay is also used, [2] after the main ethnic group speaking the language. Since Manado Malay is used primarily for spoken communication, there is no standard orthography.
Manado Malay differs from standard Malay in having numerous Portuguese, Dutch, Spanish, and Ternate loan words, as well as having traits such as its use of kita as a first person singular pronoun, rather than as a first person inclusive plural pronoun. It is derived from North Moluccan Malay (Ternate Malay), which can be evidenced by the number of Ternate loanwords in its lexicon. [3] For example, the pronouns ngana ('you', singular) and ngoni ('you', plural) are of Ternate–Tidore origin. [4] Manado Malay has been displacing the indigenous languages of the area. [5]
The vowel system of Manado Malay consists of five vowel phonemes. [6]
Front | Central | Back | |
---|---|---|---|
High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ə | o |
Low | a |
Manado Malay has nineteen consonants and two semivowels. [7]
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |
Plosive | p b | t d | c ɟ | k ɡ | ʔ |
Fricative | f v | s | h | ||
Lateral | l | ||||
Trill | r | ||||
Semivowel | w | j |
Most words in Manado Malay have stress on the pre-final syllable:
kadéra | 'chair' |
sténga | 'half' |
dói | 'money' |
However, there are also many words with final stress:
butúl | 'right, correct, true' |
tolór | 'egg; testicle' |
sabóng | 'soap' |
Pronoun | Standard Indonesian | Manado Malay |
---|---|---|
First singular | aku | kita |
First plural | kami/kita | torang |
Second singular | kamu | ngana |
Second plural | kalian | ngoni |
Third singular | dia | dia |
Third plural | mereka | dorang |
Possessives are built by adding pe to the personal pronoun or name or noun, then followed by the 'possessed' noun. Thus pe has the function similar to English "'s" as in "the doctor's uniform".
English | Manado Malay |
---|---|
My friend | kita pe tamang / ta pe tamang |
Your (sing.) friend | ngana pe tamang / nga pe tamang |
His/her book | dia pe buku / de pe buku |
This book is yours (pl.) | ini ngana pe buku |
The following are the interrogative words or "w-words" in Manado Malay:
English | Manado Malay |
---|---|
why | kyápa |
where | di mána |
who | sápa |
which one(s) | tu mána |
Ada ('to be') can be used in Manado Malay to indicate the perfective aspect, e.g.:
The final nasals /m/ and /n/ in Indonesian are replaced by the "-ng" group in Manado Malay, similar with Terengganu dialect of Malaysia, e.g.:
The ber- prefix in Indonesian, which serves a function similar to the English -ing, is modified into ba- in Manado Malay. E.g.: bajalang (berjalan, 'walking'), batobo (berenang, 'swimming'), batolor (bertelur, 'laying eggs')
° = ng, n, or m depending on phonological context.
The me(°)- prefix in standard Indonesian, which also serves a function to make a verb active, is modified into ma(°)- in Manado Malay. E.g.: mangael (mengail, 'hooking fish'), manari (menari, 'dancing'), mancari (mencari, 'searching'), mamasa (memasak, 'cooking'), manangis (menangis, 'crying').
Due to the historical presence of the Dutch and the Portuguese in eastern Indonesia, several Manado Malay words originate from their languages. However, there is little influence from the local Minahasan languages, and borrowings from Spanish are not very prominent either – in spite of the historical Spanish dominance – suggesting that Manado Malay was transplanted from outside the Minahasa region. [8] On the other hand, Portuguese influence is comparatively significant, [8] considering that the Portuguese presence in the area was relatively limited. [9] There is also a layer of loanwords from the non-Austronesian language of Ternate, which was controlled by the Portuguese in the period 1512–1655. [8]
Standard Indonesian | Colloquial Indonesian | Manado Malay loanword | Source language | Source word | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
topi | capéo | Portuguese | chapéu | cap, hat | |
bosan | fastíu | Portuguese | fastio | bored | |
untuk | for | Dutch | voor | for | |
garpu | porok | fork | Dutch | vork | fork |
tenggorokan | gargántang | Portuguese | garganta | throat | |
kursi | kadèra | kadéra | Portuguese | cadeira | chair |
bendera | bandéra | Portuguese | bandeira | flag | |
saputangan | lénso | Portuguese | lenço | handkerchief | |
tapi | mar | Dutch | maar | but | |
jagung | mílu | Portuguese | milho | corn, maize | |
sudah | kêlar | klar | Dutch | klaar | finished |
paman | om | om | Dutch | oom | uncle |
nenek | oma | oma | Dutch | oma | grandmother |
kakek | opa | opa | Dutch | opa | grandfather |
teduh | sómbar | Portuguese | sombra | shade | |
keringat | suár | Portuguese | suar | sweat | |
bibi | tantê | tánte | Dutch | tante | aunt |
dahi | tésta | Portuguese | testa | forehead, temple | |
penyu | tuturúga | Portuguese | tartaruga | turtle | |
sepatu | chapátu | Portuguese | sapato | shoe(s) | |
kebun | kintál | Portuguese | quintal | (agricultural) field or garden |
Several words in Manado Malay are loaned to standard Indonesian:
Examples :
Sentences :
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